A Reproducible and Reliable Localization Technique for Lumbar Spine Surgery that Minimizes Unintended-Level Exposure and Wrong-Level Surgery

Exposure of unintended levels (defined as a spinal segment outside the intended surgical levels) is unnecessary and potentially adds to operative time and patient morbidity. Wrong-level surgery (defined as decompression, instrumentation, or fusion of a spinal segment not part of the intended surgical procedure) clearly adds to morbidity as well as putting the surgeon at medicolegal risk.

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