The origin and evolution of cell types

In this article, the authors review the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying cell type identity and discuss how new phenotypic features of cell types evolve. They explain how evolutionary lineage differs from developmental lineage and highlight how an evolutionary view of cell type identity can facilitate research in comparative cell biology.

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Paramedic - Wake County Department of Emergency Medical Services

Paramedics are the primary provider of prompt, compassionate, and clinically excellent emergency medical care to the sick and injured citizens of and visitors to Wake County. Paramedics are responsible for the operation of emergency vehicles, biomedical equipment and other equipment necessary to provide patient and situational assessment, treatment and transport in an emergency setting. Paramedics are ...

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Cardiac remodeling in a baboon model of intrauterine growth restriction mimics accelerated aging

Abstract

Extensive rodent studies have shown that reduced perinatal nutrition programs chronic cardiovascular disease. To enable translation to humans, we developed baboon offspring cohorts from mothers fed ad lib (control) or 70% ad lib diet in pregnancy and lactation, which were growth restricted (IUGR) at birth. We hypothesized that IUGR offspring hearts show impaired function and premature aging phenotype. We studied IUGR baboons (8 male, 8 female, 5.7 years), control offspring (8 male, 8 female, 5.6 years - human equivalent approximately 25 years), and normal elderly (OLD) baboons (6 male, 6 female, mean 15.9 years). Left ventricular (LV) morphology and systolic and diastolic function were evaluated with cardiac MRI and normalized to body surface area. Two-way ANOVA by group and sex (with p < 0.05) indicated ejection fraction, 3D sphericity indices, cardiac index, normalized systolic volume, normalized LV wall thickness, and average filling rate differed by group. Group and sex differences were found for normalized LV wall thickening and normalized myocardial mass, without interactions. Normalized peak LV filling rate and diastolic sphericity index were not correlated in CTL but strongly correlated in OLD and IUGR baboons. IUGR programming in baboons produces myocardial remodeling, reduces systolic and diastolic function, and results in the emergence of a premature aging phenotype in the heart. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the specific characteristics of cardiac programming and early life functional decline with aging in an IUGR nonhuman primate model. Further studies across the life span will determine progression of cardiac dysfunction.

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

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Theta/beta neurofeedback in children with ADHD: Feasibility of a short-term setting and plasticity effects

Publication date: Available online 6 November 2016
Source:International Journal of Psychophysiology
Author(s): Jessica Van Doren, Hartmut Heinrich, Mareile Bezold, Nina Reuter, Oliver Kratz, Stefanie Horndasch, Matthias Berking, Tomas Ros, Holger Gevensleben, Gunther H. Moll, Petra Studer
Neurofeedback (NF) is increasingly used as a therapy for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), however behavioral improvements require 20 plus training sessions. More economic evaluation strategies are needed to test methodological optimizations and mechanisms of action. In healthy adults, neuroplastic effects have been demonstrated directly after a single session of NF training. The aim of our study was to test the feasibility of short-term theta/beta NF in children with ADHD and to learn more about the mechanisms underlying this protocol.Children with ADHD conducted two theta/beta NF sessions. In the first half of the sessions, three NF trials (puzzles as feedback animations) were run with pre- and post-reading and picture search tasks. A significant decrease of the theta/beta ratio (TBR), driven by a decrease of theta activity, was found in the NF trials of the second session demonstrating rapid and successful neuroregulation by children with ADHD.For pre-post comparisons, children were split into good vs. poor regulator groups based on the slope of their TBR over the NF trials. For the reading task, significant EEG changes were seen for the theta band from pre- to post-NF depending on individual neuroregulation ability. This neuroplastic effect was not restricted to the feedback electrode Cz, but appeared as a generalized pattern, maximal over midline and right-hemisphere electrodes.Our findings indicate that short-term NF may be a valuable and economical tool to study the neuroplastic mechanisms of targeted NF protocols in clinical disorders, such as theta/beta training in children with ADHD.



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Comparative transcriptome profiling of chilling tolerant rice chromosome segment substitution line in response to early chilling stress

Abstract

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is thermophilic crop and all of its growth stages are affected by low temperature stress. However, some populations of common wild rice in Guangxi Province (China) (GXWR) can tolerate low temperature stress. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying chilling tolerance in these wild rice resources, transcriptome sequencing was performed to study the differentially expressed genes (hereafter referred to as DEGs) between GXWR-derived chilling-tolerant chromosome segment substitution line (hereafter referred to as CSSL), DC90, and its chilling-sensitive recurrent parent 9311 under early chilling stress. Comparative transcriptomic analysis revealed 659 DEGs exclusively identified in DC90 in response to early chilling stress. Functional clustering by CARMO (comprehensive annotation platform for functional exploration of rice multi-omics data) showed that majority of the DEGs were enriched in chloroplasts, suggesting a connection between chilling stress tolerance and photosynthesis regulation exists in rice. KEGG analysis of these DEGs presented a complicated chilling responsive regulatory network, including 'phytohormone signaling', 'photosynthesis pathway', 'ribosome translation machinery', 'phenylpropanoid biosynthesis', which is coordinately involved in early chilling response. Here, the identified DEGs and unveiled molecular regulatory network sheds light on deep understanding the mechanisms underlying rice chilling stress tolerance. As well, KEGG term-enriched DEGs, chilling tolerant QTLs (quantitative trait loci), and co-localized DEGs in introgression interval, will be focused for further functional investigation of the molecular mechanisms of chilling stress response in rice.

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