Preexercise Carbohydrate Ingestion and Transient Hypoglycemia: Fasting vs. Feeding

PURPOSE Carbohydrate (CHO) ingestion 30–45 min before exercise results in transient hypoglycemia after starting the exercise in some, but not all, subjects. However, whether transient hypoglycemia is more likely to occur under fed or fasted condition remains unknown. This study aimed to directly compare the effects of fasting vs. feeding on plasma glucose responses following pre-exercise CHO intake and to examine the relationship between insulin responses and onset of transient hypoglycemia. METHODS Sixteen subjects performed 60-min cycle ergometer exercises at 75% maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) under overnight fasted and fed (4 h after breakfast) conditions. In both conditions, they consumed 500 mL of beverage (150 g of glucose) 30 min before beginning exercise. RESULTS The mean plasma glucose concentrations 15 min after starting the exercise did not fall below 4.0 mmol · l-1 (criteria for hypoglycemia) in both states; however, individual differences in the occurrence of transient hypoglycemia were noted. In the fasted state, plasma glucose levels transiently dropped below 4.0 mmol · l-1 in five subjects, who had substantially higher serum insulin levels at the start of exercise, compared with those who did not develop hypoglycemia. Although seven subjects developed transient hypoglycemia in the fed state, no relationship was observed between insulin responses and hypoglycemia. Three subjects developed hypoglycemia in both fasted and fed states. CONCLUSION These results suggest that transient hypoglycemia following pre-exercise CHO ingestion occurs in some, but not all, subjects, under both conditions. Furthermore, subjects with enhanced insulin responses seem to be more prone to transient hypoglycemia in the fasted condition. Corresponding author: Mitsuru Higuchi, Ph.D., FACSM., Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan. TEL/FAX: +81-4-2947-6745. E-mail address: mhiguchi@waseda.jp Grants: Challenging Exploratory Research (Higuchi M. number 15K12673) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. Conflict-of-interest: None Accepted for Publication: 21 August 2018. © 2018 American College of Sports Medicine

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Survival of the Fastest: The Multivariate Optimization of Performance Phenotypes

Introduction Tradeoffs are widespread in biological systems. Any investment in one trait must necessarily limit the investment in other traits. Still, many studies of physiological performance produce positive correlations between traits that are expected to tradeoff with one another. Here we investigate why predicted tradeoffs may often go unmeasured in studies of human athletes. Methods Triathletes compete in consecutive swimming, cycling, and running events as a single competition, events whose physical demands may be especially prone to generating performance tradeoffs. Performance variation in these three events interacts to explain overall variation in athletic performance. Results We show that individual variation in athletic performance can mask tradeoffs among disciplines, giving the impression that high performance triathletes are athletic generalists. Covariance in race performance across the three disciplines was positive in the most elite athletes, but became increasingly negative as race times increased. Conclusions These performance trade-offs among the disciplines preclude the realization of a generalist athlete except in the most elite triathletes, a result similar to the 'big houses, big cars' phenomenon in life history evolution. This distinction between trait combinations that are favored for optimal performance, versus constrained by trade-offs was only apparent when accounting for individual level variation in athletic performance. Our results provide further evidence that meaningful tradeoffs may be missed if individual variation in quality is ignored. Corresponding author: Ryan Calsbeek, Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, Email ryan.calsbeek@dartmouth.edu, phone: 603-646-9917 fax: 603-646-1345 Competing interests. We have no competing interests. The results of the study are presented clearly, honestly, and without fabrication, falsification, or inappropriate data manipulation. The results of the present study do not constitute endorsement by ACSM. Funding This project was supported by a National Science Foundation award to R.C. (DEB-1655092). and grants from Natural Science and Engineering Research Council to V.C. Accepted for Publication: 10 September 2018 © 2018 American College of Sports Medicine

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Metabolic Costs of Standing and Walking in Healthy Military-Age Adults: A Metaregression

Introduction The Load Carriage Decision Aid (LCDA) is a US Army planning tool that predicts physiological responses of Soldiers during different dismounted troop scenarios. We aimed to develop an equation that calculates standing and walking metabolic rates in healthy military-age adults for the LCDA using a meta-regression. Methods We searched for studies that measured the energetic cost of standing and treadmill walking in healthy men and women via indirect calorimetry. We used mixed effects meta-regression to determine an optimal equation to calculate standing and walking metabolic rates as a function of walking speed (S, m·s-1). The optimal equation was used to determine the economical speed at which the metabolic cost per distance walked is minimized. The estimation precision of the new LCDA walking equation was compared to that of seven reference predictive equations. Results The meta-regression included forty-eight studies. The optimal equation for calculating normal standing and walking metabolic rates (W·kg-1) was: 1.44 + 1.94·S0.43 + 0.24·S4. The economical speed for level walking was 1.39 m·s-1 (~ 3.1 mph). The LCDA walking equation was more precise across all walking speeds (Bias ± SD, 0.01 ± 0.33 W·kg-1) than the reference predictive equations. Conclusion Practitioners can use the new LCDA walking equation to calculate energy expenditure during standing and walking at speeds

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Physical Activity Associates with Muscle Insulin Sensitivity Post Bariatric Surgery

Purpose Bariatric surgery is considered as an effective therapeutic strategy for weight loss in severe obesity. Remission of type 2 diabetes is often achieved following the surgery. We investigated whether increase in self-reported habitual physical activity associates with improved skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity and reduction of fat depots after bariatric surgery. Methods We assessed self-reported habitual physical activity using Baecke questionnaire in 18 diabetic and 28 non-diabetic patients with morbid obesity (median age 46 years and BMI 42.0 kg·m-2) before and six months after bariatric surgery operation. Insulin-stimulated femoral muscle glucose uptake was measured using FDG PET -method during hyperinsulinaemia. In addition, abdominal subcutaneous and visceral fat masses were quantified using magnetic resonance imaging and liver fat content using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Also, serum pro-inflammatory cytokines were measured. Results Patients lost on average 22.9% of weight during the follow-up period of six months (p

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Decision making and mental health in EMS

Recognizing three common patient care decisions that contribute to cumulative stress on EMS providers

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Firefighter training can be fun and serious at the same time

By taking an innovative and creative approach, training drills can maintain their educational value while also adding an element of fun

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Is PNPT1‐related hearing loss ever non‐syndromic? Whole exome sequencing of adult siblings expands the natural history of PNPT1‐related disorders

American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A, EarlyView.


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Extending the ALDH18A1 clinical spectrum to severe autosomal recessive fetal cutis laxa with corpus callosum agenesis

American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A, EarlyView.


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A mosaic intragenic microduplication of LAMA1 and a constitutional 18p11.32 microduplication in a patient with keratosis pilaris and intellectual disability

American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A, EarlyView.


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Further delineation of the clinical spectrum of de novo TRIM8 truncating mutations

American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A, EarlyView.


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Small 4p16.3 deletions: Three additional patients and review of the literature

American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A, EarlyView.


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Phenotypic and molecular insights into PQBP1‐related intellectual disability

American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A, EarlyView.


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Identification of novel PIEZO1 variants using prenatal exome sequencing and correlation to ultrasound and autopsy findings of recurrent hydrops fetalis

American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A, EarlyView.


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22q and two: 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and coexisting conditions

American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A, EarlyView.


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The P300 component decreases in a bimodal oddball task in individuals with depression: An event-related potentials study

Publication date: Available online 22 September 2018

Source: Clinical Neurophysiology

Author(s): Cai Nan, Gaohua Wang, Huiling Wang, Xiaoping Wang, Zhongchun Liu, Ling Xiao, Hanping Bai, Shihao Wu

Abstract

Objective

In this study, we investigated auditory-visual stimulation-induced P300 and examined whether P300 was differentially modulated between individuals with clinical depression and healthy controls. We hypothesized that the P300 component would significantly differ between individuals with depression and healthy individuals Specifically, we predicted that the P300 component induced by the bimodal oddball task would be significantly different from that induced by the unimodal task.

Methods

Forty-five individuals with depression and forty-five healthy controls participated in this study. All participants were instructed to complete three oddball tasks—auditory (A), visual (V), and bimodal (AV)—while their electroencephalographic signals were recorded.

Results

Individuals with depression had a lower P300 amplitude and a longer latency than controls in the bimodal task. P300 amplitudes in the bimodal task were significantly higher than in the auditory or visual tasks in both groups. In the depression group, the P300 amplitude was negatively correlated with Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) scores in the bimodal task.

Conclusions

Our results, which agree with those reported previously, suggest that there is a heightened P300 amplitude sensitivity in the bimodal task in individuals with depression. Our data also suggest that P300 amplitudes in the bimodal task may reflect the severity of depression.

Significance

The reduced task-related ERP response in individuals with depression suggests significant impairments in these individuals in stimulus integration and response functions.

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Pre-intervention test-retest reliability of EEG and ERP over four recording intervals

Publication date: Available online 22 September 2018

Source: International Journal of Psychophysiology

Author(s): Cheng-Teng Ip, Melanie Ganz, Brice Ozenne, Lasse B. Sluth, Mikkel Gram, Geoffrey Viardot, Philippe l'Hostis, Philippe Danjou, Gitte M. Knudsen, Søren R. Christensen

Abstract

In this study we present the test-retest reliability of pre-intervention EEG/ERP (electroencephalogram/event-related potentials) data across four recording intervals separated by a washout period (18–22 days). POz-recording-reference EEG/ERP (28 sites, average reference) were recorded from thirty-two healthy male participants. Participants were randomly allocated into different intervention sequences, each with four intervention regimens: 10 mg vortioxetine, 20 mg vortioxetine, 15 mg escitalopram and Placebo. We report classical EEG spectra: δ (1–4 Hz), θ (4–8 Hz), α (8–12 Hz), β (12–30 Hz), γ1 (30–45 Hz) and γ2 (45–80 Hz) of resting state and vigilance-controlled, and of auditory steady state response, as well as ERP components N100, P200 and P300 in auditory oddball task and error related negativity (ERN) and error positivity (Pe) in hybrid flanker task. Reliability was quantified using intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). We found that θ, α and β of continuous EEG were highly reliable (ICCs ≥ 0.84). Evoked power of other tasks demonstrated larger variability and less reliability compared to the absolute power of continuous EEG. Furthermore, reliabilities of ERP measures were lower compared to those of the EEG spectra. We saw fair to excellent reliability of the amplitude of the components such as Pe (0.60–0.82) and P300 (0.55–0.80). Moreover, blood tests confirmed that there was no measurable drug carry-over from the previous intervention. The results support that EEG/ERP is reliable across four recording intervals, thus it can be used to assess the effect of different doses and types of drugs with CNS effects.

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Issue Information

Psychophysiology, Volume 55, Issue 10, October 2018.


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USP48 May Be Potential Therapeutic Target in Fanconi Anemia: Inactivation of USP48 reduced chromosomal instability of Fanconi anemia defective cells and highlights a role for this enzyme in controlling DNA repair

American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A, Volume 176, Issue 9, Page 1794-1795, September 2018.


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Table of Contents, Volume 176A, Number 9, September 2018

American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A, Volume 176, Issue 9, Page 1787-1791, September 2018.


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Cover Image, Volume 176A, Number 9, September 2018

American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A, Volume 176, Issue 9, September 2018.


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Publication schedule for 2018

American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A, Volume 176, Issue 9, Page 1792-1792, September 2018.


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Mendelian Disease Genes More Prone to Copy Number Changes Than Previously Thought: Clinically relevant copy number variants are distinct from those that contribute to normal variation in human disease genes

American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A, Volume 176, Issue 9, Page 1793-1794, September 2018.


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In This Issue

American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A, Volume 176, Issue 9, Page 1796-1796, September 2018.


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NHA2 promotes cyst development in an in vitro model of polycystic kidney disease

The Journal of Physiology, Volume 0, Issue ja, -Not available-.


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Rapid saline infusion and/or drinking enhance skin sympathetic nerve activity components reduced by hypovolaemia and hyperosmolality in hyperthermia

The Journal of Physiology, Volume 0, Issue ja, -Not available-.


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Genioglossus muscle activity during sniff and reverse sniff in healthy men

Experimental Physiology, Volume 0, Issue ja, -Not available-.


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Differential expression of HSPs and activation of MAPKs in A549 alveolar epithelial cells exposed to cigarette smoke extract

Experimental Physiology, Volume 0, Issue ja, -Not available-.


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ATP in the lateral hypothalamus/perifornical area enhances the CO2 chemoreflex control of breathing

Experimental Physiology, Volume 0, Issue ja, -Not available-.


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