The officer fixed tourniquets on both of the victim's legs to stop arterial bleeding before EMTs arrived.
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Πέμπτη 11 Αυγούστου 2016
Baton Rouge police officer credited with saving gunshot victim's life
Spectrum of epilepsy and electroencephalogram patterns in idic (15) syndrome
Previous reports summarized the seizure types occurring in patients with idic(15) syndrome. To better define this issue, we retrospectively analyzed the evolution of electroencephalogram findings and seizures in 35 patients with confirmed idic(15). Epilepsy occurred in 28 patients (80%), with a median age of onset of 3 years 3 months. The initial seizures were infantile spasms associated with a hypsarrhythmic electroencephalogram (nine patients), focal/generalized tonic (seven patients), or atypical absences (eight patients). High doses of oral steroids were given in all nine children with infantile spasms, with remission of seizures and resolution of electroencephalogram abnormalities. Among them, three were seizure free at the time of evaluation, but six later developed Lennox–Gastaut syndrome or Lennox–Gastaut-like syndrome. The eight patients with atypical absences developed Lennox–Gastaut syndrome or Lennox–Gastaut-like syndrome. Epilepsy was well controlled in 32% of the patients; satisfactorily controlled (seizures reduced >75%) in 21.4%; partially controlled (seizures reduced <50%) in 10.7%; and uncontrolled in 32%. One patient was not taking any anti-epileptic drugs by his parents' choice. Fourteen percent were on monotherapy; whereas the other 82% were on polytherapy. Seizures stopped at a median age of 5 years 5 months. The interictal electroencephalogram showed slow/sharp waves, and/or biphasic spikes-polyspikes, spike/wave complexes, and an excess of fast activity mainly over the fronto-temporal areas. Epilepsy is a major clinical challenge in patients with idic(15), associated with a poor prognosis in 55%. Frontal lobe seizures are a novel finding. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Phenotypic evolution of UNC80 loss of function
Failure to thrive arises as a complication of a heterogeneous group of disorders. We describe two female siblings with spastic paraplegia and global developmental delay but also, atypically for the HSPs, poor weight gain classified as failure to thrive. After extensive clinical and biochemical investigations failed to identify the etiology, we used exome sequencing to identify biallelic UNC80 mutations (NM_032504.1:c.[3983-3_3994delinsA];[2431C>T]. The paternally inherited NM_032504.1:c.3983-3_3994delinsA is predicted to encode p.Ser1328Argfs*19 and the maternally inherited NM_032504.1:c.2431C>T is predicted to encode p.Arg811*. No UNC80 mRNA was detectable in patient cultured skin fibroblasts, suggesting UNC80 loss of function by nonsense mediated mRNA decay. Further supporting the UNC80 mutations as causative of these siblings' disorder, biallelic mutations in UNC80 have recently been described among individuals with an overlapping phenotype. This report expands the disease spectrum associated with UNC80 mutations. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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The impact of delayed biliary decompression and anti-microbial therapy in 260 patients with cholangitis-associated septic shock
Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics
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A randomised clinical trial comparing 10- or 14-day sequential therapy and 10- or 14-day concomitant therapy for the first line empirical treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection
Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
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Evaluation of the association between preoperative clinical factors and long-term weight loss after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass
JAMA Surgery
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Multicenter phase II study of combination therapy with cetuximab and S-1 in patients with KRAS exon 2 wild-type unresectable colorectal cancer previously treated with irinotecan, oxaliplatin, and fluoropyrimidines
Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology
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Risk factors associated with difficult gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection: Predicting difficult ESD
Surgical Endoscopy
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Alcohol consumption and multiple dysplastic lesions increase risk of squamous cell carcinoma in the esophagus, head, and neck
Gastroenterology
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Poor validity of the routine diagnosis of necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants at discharge
Acta Pediatrica
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Factors associated with poor adherence to antiviral treatment for hepatitis B
Journal of Viral Hepatitis
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Clinical and surgical factors associated with organ/space surgical site infection after laparoscopic gastrectomy for gastric cancer
Surgical Endoscopy
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Electrocardiograms of Children and Adolescents Practicing Non-competitive Sports: Normal Limits and Abnormal Findings in a Large European Cohort Evaluated by Telecardiology
Abstract
Objective
The objective of this study was to derive normal electrocardiographic values and to report the abnormal findings in a large contemporary European cohort of physically active children and young adolescents.
Methods
In a 3-month period, data derived from subjects aged between 3 and 14 years and referred to the Telecardiology Centre (Genoa, Italy) for electrocardiogram (ECG) evaluation as pre-participation screening for non-competitive sports were analyzed.
Results
A total of 2060 ECGs were recorded. Of those, 1962 did not show any morphological abnormality and were used to derive normality ranges for heart rate, PR interval, QRS duration, corrected QT interval, and voltage of R wave as measured in V1 according to age and sex. Findings and clinical implications of the 98 ECGs with abnormal findings were also reported. Abnormal ECG findings were not as uncommon as expected in this population, being manifest in about 5 % of subjects. However, major ECG anomalies (diffuse negative T-waves, pre-excitation) were present in just ten subjects (0.5 %). Lower mean heart rate values (from 90–100 bpm at 3 years of age to 80–85 bpm at 14 years of age) and lower rates of the prevalence of negative T-waves in the V3 lead (from 55–60 % at 3 years of age to 8–10 % at 14 years of age) were observed with increasing age.
Conclusions
This is the first work reporting derived normal limits and abnormal ECG findings in a large contemporary European cohort of children and adolescents aged 3–14 years practicing non-competitive sports. Clear pathological alterations are extremely uncommon, deserving, when encountered, additional examinations. Even in a physically active population, the common features of an adult athlete's ECG are absent.
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Oral food challenge with a mixture of “at risk” foods in children with FPIES
Pediatric Allergy and Immunology
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Endoscopic control of enterocutaneous fistula by dual intussuscepting stent technique
Surgical Endoscopy
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Overall survival is increased among stage III pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy compared to surgery first and adjuvant chemotherapy: An intention to treat analysis of the National Cancer Database
Surgery
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Avoidance of fiber is associated with greater risk of Crohn's disease flare in a 6-month period
Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology
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Hirschsprung disease as a yet undescribed phenotype in a patient with ARID1B mutation
Mutations in the BAF complex (mammalian SWI/SNF complex) are responsible for Coffin-Siris syndrome, which is characterized by developmental delay, distinctive facial features, hirsutism, and hypoplasia/aplasia of the fifth finger/fingernails. Hirschsprung disease is characterized by defective stem cells in the enteric neural system, and the involvement of multiple signaling cascades has been implicated. So far, the roles of the BAF complex in the genesis of Hirschsprung disease have remained unknown. Here, we document a patient with coarse facial features, postnatal growth failure, developmental delay, epilepsy, and hypoplasia of the corpus callosum and cerebellum but without a hypoplastic fifth finger/fingernail. In addition, he had Hirschsprung disease. Exome sequencing with a gene set representing a total of 4,813 genes with known relationships to human diseases revealed a heterozygous frameshift mutation in ARID1B (c.5789delC p.Pro1930Leufs*44). The presence of a congenital cataract and Hirschsprung disease in the presently reported patient further expands the phenotypic spectrum of patients with ARID1B mutations and may suggest the potential role of the BAF complex in the pathogenesis of the enteric neural system. The present observation is in agreement with a recent study of Drosophila neuroblasts showing that the dysregulated BAF complex leads to an abnormal lineage progression of neural stem cell lineages and that Hirschsprung disease is caused by abnormal stem cell lineages in the peripheral neural tissues. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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A study on occurrence and risk factors of domestic accidents in South India
2016-08-11T05-54-28Z
Source: International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health
Divya B.V., Jayasree T. M., Felix. A. J. W..
Background: The aim of this study was to find out the frequency of domestic accidents and risk factors associated with the occurrence of domestic accidents in a semi-urban community of Chidambaram. The survey focused on age and sex distribution of population, their gender wise education, occupation and association of socio-demographic and household risk factors with the occurrence of domestic accidents. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted on a representative population of Chidambaram town. The whole population in 300 households were included in this study which came around 1193. Data collection and statistical analysis was done using descriptive statistics, pearson chi square and odds ratio using SYSTAT Epi Info packages. Frequency of domestic accidents along with the risk factors namely age, sex, occupation, family size, family type, housing type, number of rooms, place of kitchen and bathrooms were analyzed. Results: Frequency of domestic accidents was found to be 8.6% in our study. Majority of the accidents were common in extreme age groups. Majority of domestic accidents were observed in females compared to males and they were 4.5 times more prone to accidents at home. A Significant statistical association was found among females and home makers along with number of rooms present in the houses. There was no significant association between the type of housing and occurrence of accidents. Majority of accidents were observed in families with more than 4 rooms. 95% of houses had their kitchen inside, among them 31.9% had domestic accidents and bathroom placed outside 36.7% of houses showed domestic accidents. Conclusions: Females are 4.5 times more prone to accidents at home. Out of 103 accidents 83 were in females. This study concludes that the majority of accidents occurred in homemakers.
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Attitudes toward carrier screening and prenatal diagnosis for recessive hereditary deafness among the educated population in urban China
Approximately 80% of hereditary deafness is recessive, in which case most mutation carriers were unaware of their carrier status. Though parental attitudes toward genetic testing and prenatal diagnosis are overall positive in those with deaf children, there is little information about that in the general population. To this end, we designed a self-completed questionnaire and distributed it in two colleges in Shanghai, China. A total of 975 completed surveys were returned in print or online forms. Our results showed that 98.7% of the respondents without family history of early onset deafness did not know or underestimated their likelihood to carry a recessive mutation in common deafness genes. After brief written information was given using GJB2, the most common recessive deafness gene as the example, 67.7% of the respondents expressed interest in knowing if they are carriers of GJB2 mutations through genetic testing. In hypothetical circumstance of carrying a recessive GJB2 mutation, 86.9% would suggest their partners to also take the test. In case that both were carriers, 88.7% would consider prenatal diagnosis and 80.7% would consider terminating an affected pregnancy. On the basis of these results, it was concluded that despite the poor awareness to the risk of recessive hereditary deafness, the majority of the educated population in urban China likely hold a positive view toward carrier screening and prenatal diagnosis of recessive deafness genes. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Update on the Toriello–Carey syndrome
Toriello and Carey described a provisionally-unique syndrome comprised of agenesis of the corpus callosum, Pierre Robin anomaly, and a characteristic facial phenotype. Because the condition affected siblings, this entity was postulated to be an autosomal recessive multiple anomaly syndrome. Several patients were subsequently reported, and over time, it became apparent that the Toriello–Carey syndrome was etiologically heterogeneous. Based on previous reports, it is estimated that at least 20% of patients with a clinical diagnosis of Toriello–Carey syndrome have a chromosomal anomaly as the basis of the phenotype. However, no basis for the non-chromosomal cases has been found. This review summarizes the literature to date and provides speculation regarding the possible explanations for failing to find the cause of Toriello–Carey syndrome. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Effect of transcatheter aortic valve implantation on intraoperative left ventricular end-diastolic pressure
Abstract
Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) for patients with aortic stenosis is a less invasive alternative to surgical aortic valve replacement. Despite this, careful anesthetic management, especially strict control of blood pressure and fluid management, is necessary. During TAVI, normalization of left ventricular afterload due to aortic balloon valvuloplasty and prosthetic valve deployment is expected to result in rapid improvement of systolic function and consequent improvement in diastolic function. However, the early effect of TAVI on left ventricular diastolic function is less clear. We hypothesized that TAVI induces a rapid decrease in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) after valve deployment. This retrospective observational study included 71 patients who had undergone TAVI using the transfemoral approach with a balloon-expandable valve under general anesthesia. Intraoperative LVEDP was measured using an intracardiac catheter. The severity of residual aortic regurgitation (AR) was assessed using the Sellers criteria. The mean (SD) LVEDP was 17.8 (5.3) mmHg just before TAVI and increased significantly to 27.3 (8.2) mmHg immediately after prosthetic valve deployment (p < 0.0001). The change in LVEDP was 8.7 (8.6) mmHg in patients with low residual AR (Sellers ≤1) and 11.0 (7.1) mmHg in those with high residual AR (Sellers ≥2); however, this difference was not significant. No correlation was found between the LVEDP change and intraoperative fluid balance. In conclusion, LVEDP increased significantly in the early period after valve deployment during TAVI, regardless of residual AR severity. It was suggested that the tolerability of fluid load could be reduced at that time.
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Multivariable predictors of substantial blood loss in children undergoing craniosynostosis repair: implications for risk stratification
Summary
Background
Operative treatment of craniosynostosis is associated with substantial blood loss, often requiring transfusion of packed red blood cells (PRBC) and coagulation products.
Aims
The aim of this prospective study was to analyze thromboelastographic (TEG) parameters and platelet fibrinogen product to determine predictors of substantial blood loss, and the need for PRBC transfusion and coagulation products.
Methods
With IRB approval, we enrolled 120 children undergoing craniosynostosis repair with a standardized anesthetic, fluid management, and TEG measurements at predefined times. Outcomes of interest were intraoperative blood loss, and need for PRBC transfusion and coagulation products. Multivariable logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was applied to determine independent predictors of substantial blood loss and need for coagulation products.
Results
One hundred and eighteen children were included in the analysis. Forty-four required PRBC transfusion (median 26 ml·kg−1; IQR: 22–42) with median blood loss of 56 ml·kg−1 (IQR: 43–83). Factors associated with the PRBC transfusion included type of surgery, duration of surgery, and three TEG parameters, α-angle, MA, and K-time (all P < 0.001). A predictive algorithm was developed by subgroup analysis of cranial vault reconstruction (CVR) patients for substantial intraoperative blood loss (defined as ≥60 ml·kg−1) and need for coagulation products with ROC-derived cut-off values: platelet fibrinogen product, <343; α-angle, <62°; MA, <55 mm; K-time, >2.1 min. The best prognostic combination included at least two of these four predictors (sensitivity 89%, specificity 90%). Multivariable regression identified MA as the only independent predictor of coagulation product administration (P < 0.001) and ROC analysis identified MA <46 mm as the optimal cut-off (sensitivity 86%, specificity 94%).
Conclusions
Risk for substantial intraoperative blood loss can be assessed using TEG parameters and platelet fibrinogen product, whereas the need for coagulation products is strongly related to low MA. Patients susceptible to substantial blood loss can be risk stratified based on their TEG/platelet fibrinogen product profile.
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A review of anesthetic techniques and outcomes following minimally invasive repair of pectus excavatum (Nuss procedure)
Summary
Background
Pectus excavatum (PE) is the most common congenital chest wall deformity, occurring in 1 : 1000 children with a male to female ratio of 4 : 1. Several procedures have been described to manage this deformity, including cartilage resection with sternal osteotomy (the Ravitch procedure) and a minimally invasive repair technique (the Nuss procedure). While initially described as a nonthoracoscopic technique, the current surgical approach of the Royal Childrens Hospital involves thoracoscopic assistance. Postoperative pain is significant in patients undergoing the pectus repair and multiple analgesic regimens have been advocated with continuous thoracic epidural infusions and opioid infusions the most common. Some authors have advocated patient-controlled analgesia (PCA), paravertebral nerve blocks (PVNB), and wound infusion catheters as alternatives.
Aims
The primary aim of this study was to assess our experience with postoperative pain and analgesia requirements associated with the minimally invasive repair of pectus excavatum in children.
Methods
This is a retrospective cohort study with a contemporaneous comparison group examining patients treated between January 2005 and December 2015 for minimally invasive repair of pectus excavatum by the Nuss procedure.
Results
Two hundred and seventeen patients [mean age 14.9 (sd 1.9) years] with pectus excavatum treated at the Royal Childrens Hospital between 2005 and 2015 were identified. All patients were managed with thoracic epidural analgesia and intravenous morphine infusions. The epidural was effective in the postanesthesia care unit in 97.3% (failure to place an epidural rate was 4 (1.9%); no block on awakening 0.9%). A further 4 (1.8%) were removed within 24 h. The mean morphine equivalent dose in the first 24 h was 0.8 mg·kg−1·day−1. PCA was continued for a mean of 3.8 days and the total mean morphine equivalent dose was 2.2 mg·kg−1·day−1. Minor complications occurred in 67 (30.9%) with postoperative nausea and vomiting in 36 patients (16.6%) and urinary retention requiring an indwelling catheter in 40 patients (18.4%).
Conclusion
An epidural-based analgesic regime is associated with low pain scores and few acute complications. The continuation of morphine analgesia after the first postoperative day is common but associated with an increased incidence of urinary retention and nausea and vomiting.
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Poor performance status is associated with increased mortality in patients with cirrhosis
Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology
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Prospective quality of life study for colorectal cancer patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis undergoing cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy
Annals of Surgical Oncology
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Fecal immunochemical test detects sessile serrated adenomas and polyps with a low level of sensitivity
Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology
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Biomarkers of acute appendicitis: Systematic review and cost–benefit trade-off analysis
Surgical Endoscopy
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Acceptance, yield and feasibility of attaching HCV birth cohort screening to colorectal cancer screening in Spain
Digestive and Liver Diseases
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Interlimb weight adjustments between the lower and upper limbs relate to inaccurate performance during the lateral body weight-shifting task.
The lateral body weight-shifting task is commonly used in therapeutic programs for patients with orthopedic complaints or hemiparesis. Although the patients usually support themselves using the upper limbs during the task, it is unclear whether the use of upper limbs affects performance accuracy of lateral body weight shifting. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of support by the upper limbs on performance accuracy, particularly on the central tendency effects (i.e. overshooting for light targets and undershooting for heavy targets). Twenty-three able-bodied, neurologically intact individuals, who were right-handed and right-footed participants performed the lateral body weight-shifting task to shift one-third or two-thirds of their body weight toward the left and right lower limbs using support by the upper limbs. The result of correlation coefficients between interlimb weight adjustment and errors showed that the use of the upper limbs and interlimb weight adjustment related to the enhanced central tendency effects. The use of upper limbs generally contributes toward stabilizing posture, however, this is not the case with performance of the lateral body weight shifting. Moreover, the effects of using the upper limb on performance accuracy differed among leftward and rightward weight shifting. This result might be owing to the dominant side of the hand/foot and hemisphere lateralization. Copyright (C) 2016 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
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The use of commercial video games in rehabilitation: a systematic review.
The aim of this paper was to investigate the effect of commercial video games (VGs) in physical rehabilitation of motor functions. Several databases were screened (Medline, SAGE Journals Online, and ScienceDirect) using combinations of the following free-text terms: commercial games, video games, exergames, serious gaming, rehabilitation games, PlayStation, Nintendo, Wii, Wii Fit, Xbox, and Kinect. The search was limited to peer-reviewed English journals. The beginning of the search time frame was not restricted and the end of the search time frame was 31 December 2015. Only randomized controlled trial, cohort, and observational studies evaluating the effect of VGs on physical rehabilitation were included in the review. A total of 4728 abstracts were screened, 275 were fully reviewed, and 126 papers were eventually included. The following information was extracted from the selected studies: device type, number and type of patients, intervention, and main outcomes. The integration of VGs into physical rehabilitation has been tested for various pathological conditions, including stroke, cerebral palsy, Parkinson's disease, balance training, weight loss, and aging. There was large variability in the protocols used (e.g. number of sessions, intervention duration, outcome measures, and sample size). The results of this review show that in most cases, the introduction of VG training in physical rehabilitation offered similar results as conventional therapy. Therefore, VGs could be added as an adjunct treatment in rehabilitation for various pathologies to stimulate patient motivation. VGs could also be used at home to maintain rehabilitation benefits. Copyright (C) 2016 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
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The self-perception of dyspnoea threshold during the 6-min walk test: a good alternative to estimate the ventilatory threshold in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
To determine and/or adjust exercise training intensity for patients when the cardiopulmonary exercise test is not accessible, the determination of dyspnoea threshold (defined as the onset of self-perceived breathing discomfort) during the 6-min walk test (6MWT) could be a good alternative. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and reproducibility of self-perceived dyspnoea threshold and to determine whether a useful equation to estimate ventilatory threshold from self-perceived dyspnoea threshold could be derived. A total of 82 patients were included and performed two 6MWTs, during which they raised a hand to signal self-perceived dyspnoea threshold. The reproducibility in terms of heart rate (HR) was analysed. On a subsample of patients (n=27), a stepwise regression analysis was carried out to obtain a predictive equation of HR at ventilatory threshold measured during a cardiopulmonary exercise test estimated from HR at self-perceived dyspnoea threshold, age and forced expiratory volume in 1 s. Overall, 80% of patients could identify self-perceived dyspnoea threshold during the 6MWT. Self-perceived dyspnoea threshold was reproducibly expressed in HR (coefficient of variation=2.8%). A stepwise regression analysis enabled estimation of HR at ventilatory threshold from HR at self-perceived dyspnoea threshold, age and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (adjusted r=0.79, r2=0.63, and relative standard deviation=9.8 bpm). This study shows that a majority of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease can identify a self-perceived dyspnoea threshold during the 6MWT. This HR at the dyspnoea threshold is highly reproducible and enable estimation of the HR at the ventilatory threshold. Copyright (C) 2016 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Administration of prostacyclin modulates cutaneous blood flow but not sweating in young and older males: roles for nitric oxide and KCa channels
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX) contributes to the regulation of cutaneous vasodilatation and sweating; however the mechanism(s) underpinning this response remains unresolved. We hypothesized that prostacyclin (a COX-derived product) may directly mediate cutaneous vasodilatation and sweating through nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and calcium-activated potassium (KCa) channels in young adults. However, these responses would be diminished in older adults, since ageing attenuates COX-dependent cutaneous vasodilatation and sweating. In young (25 ± 4 years) and older (60 ± 6 years) males (9 per group), cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) and sweat rate were evaluated at four intradermal forearm skin sites: 1) Control, 2) 10 mm l-NNA, a non-specific NOS inhibitor, 3) 50 mm tetraethylammonium (TEA), a non-specific KCa channel blocker, and 4) 10 mm l-NNA + 50 mm TEA. All fours sites were co-administered with prostacyclin in an incremental manner (0.04, 0.4, 4, 40, 400 μm each for 25 min). Prostacyclin-induced increases in CVC were similar between groups (all concentrations, P > 0.05). l-NNA and TEA and their combination lowered CVC in young males at all prostacyclin concentrations (P≤0.05), with the exception of l-NNA at 0.04 μm (P > 0.05). In older males, CVC during prostacyclin administration was not influenced by l-NNA (all concentrations), TEA (4-400 μm), and their combination (400 μm) (P > 0.05). No effect on sweat rate was observed in either group (all concentrations, P > 0.05). We conclude that while prostacyclin does not mediate sweating, it modulates cutaneous vasodilatation to a similar extent in young and older males. Further, while NOS and KCa channels contribute to the prostacyclin-induced cutaneous vasodilatation in young males, these contributions are diminished in older males.
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Systemic availability and metabolism of colonic-derived short-chain fatty acids in healthy subjects – a stable isotope study
Abstract
The short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), acetate, propionate and butyrate are bacterial metabolites that mediate the interaction between diet, the microbiota and the host. In this study, the systemic availability of SCFAs and their incorporation into biologically relevant molecules was quantified. Known amounts of 13C-labelled acetate, propionate and butyrate were introduced in the colon of 12 healthy subjects using colon delivery capsules and plasma levels of 13C-SCFAs and of 13C-glucose, 13C-cholesterol and 13C-fatty acids were measured. The butyrate producing capacity of the intestinal microbiota was quantified as well. Systemic availability of colonic-administered acetate, propionate and butyrate was 36%, 9% and 2%, respectively. Conversion of acetate into butyrate (24%) was the most prevalent interconversion by the colonic microbiota and was not related to the butyrate-producing capacity in the faecal samples. Less than 1% of administered acetate was incorporated into cholesterol and < 15% in fatty acids. On average, 6% of colonic propionate was incorporated into glucose. The SCFAs were mainly excreted via the lungs after oxidation to 13CO2 whereas less than 0.05% of the SCFAs were excreted into urine. These results will allow future evaluation and quantification of SCFAs production from 13C-labelled fibres in the human colon by measuring 13C-labelled SCFA concentrations in blood.
This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
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Carotid sinus denervation (CSD) ameliorates renovascular hypertension in adult Wistar rats
Abstract
The peripheral chemoreflex is known to be hyper-responsive in both spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and Goldblatt hypertensive (2 kidney 1 clip; 2K1C) rats. We have previously shown that carotid sinus nerve denervation (CSD) reduces arterial blood pressure (ABP) in SHR. Here, we show that CSD ameliorates 2K1C hypertension and reveal potential underlying mechanisms. Adult Wistar rats were instrumented to record ABP via telemetry, then underwent CSD (n = 9) or sham CSD (n = 9) five weeks after renal artery clipping, versus normal Wistar (n = 5). After 21 days renal function was assessed, and tissue collected to assess sympathetic postganglionic intracellular calcium transients ([Ca2+]i) and immune cell infiltrates. Hypertensive 2K1C rats showed a profound elevation in ABP (Wistar: 98 ± 4 mmHg vs. 2K1C: 147 ± 8 mmHg; P < 0.001), coupled with impairments in renal function and baroreflex sensitivity, increased neuro-inflammatory markers and enhanced [Ca2+]I in stellate neurons (P < 0.05). CSD reduced ABP in 2K1C+CSD rats and prevented the further progressive increase in ABP seen in 2K1C+sham CSD rats, with a between-group difference of 14 ± 2 mmHg by Week 3 (P < 0.01), accompanied by improvements in both baroreflex control and spectral indicators of cardiac sympatho-vagal balance. Furthermore, CSD improved protein and albuminuria, decreased [Ca2+]i evoked responses from stellate neurons, and reduced indicators of brainstem inflammation. In summary, CSD in 2K1C rats reduces the hypertensive burden and improves renal function. This may be mediated by improvements in autonomic balance, functional remodelling of post-ganglionic neurones and reduced inflammation. Our results suggest that the peripheral chemoreflex may be considered as a potential therapeutic target for controlling renovascular hypertension.
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Prolonged drug-induced myoclonus: is it related to palonosetron?
Abstract
We report a case of drug-induced myoclonus possibly related to palonosetron, a second-generation 5-hydroxytryptamine-3 receptor antagonist which was administered as a prophylaxis for postoperative nausea and vomiting in a 28-year-old female. The recurrent episodes of myoclonus jerk involving the head, neck and shoulder persisted for a period of 4 days. The patient also exhibited an episode of severe bradycardia leading to hypotension 7 h after surgery. To our knowledge, this is the first report presenting these adverse events potentially associated with the use of palonosetron.
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Ca2+ transport and signalling in enamel cells
Dental enamel is one of the most remarkable examples of matrix-mediated biomineralization. Enamel crystals form de novo in a rich extracellular environment in a stage-dependent manner producing complex microstructural patterns that are visually stunning. This process is orchestrated by specialized epithelial cells known as ameloblasts which themselves undergo striking morphological changes switching function from a secretory role to a cell primarily engaged in ionic transport. Ameloblasts are supported by a host of cell types which combined represent the enamel organ. Fully mineralized enamel is the hardest tissue found in vertebrates owing its properties partly to the unique mixture of ionic species represented and their highly organized assembly in the crystal lattice. Among the main elements found in enamel, Ca2+ is the most abundant ion yet how ameloblasts modulate Ca2+ dynamics remains poorly known. This review describes previously proposed models for passive and active Ca2+ transport, the intracellular Ca2+ buffering systems expressed in ameloblasts and provide an up-dated view of current models concerning Ca2+ influx and extrusion mechanisms, where most of the recent advances have been made. We also advance a new model for Ca2+ transport by the enamel organ.
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The Physiological Profile of a Multiple Tour de France Winning Cyclist.
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Effects of Topical 17β Estradiol on Wound Healing and Hemato-Biochemical Changes In West African Dwarf Goats
2016-08-10T23-43-22Z
Source: International Journal of Livestock Research
Abayomi Kayode Olaifa, Olaifa Olanrewaju Samuel, Omotayo Magaret Banjoko.
Animal studies have shown that steroid sex hormones such as estrogen may be helpful in the regulation of several pathophysiologic stages that are involved in wound healing. This study therefore investigated the effects of topical estradiol on wound healing and hemato-biochemical changes in West African dwarf (WAD) goats. Ten WAD goats were used for the study randomly divide into two equal groups of five goats each; the first group served as the control while the second group were treated topically with estrogen. Healing process was compared between the two groups, haematology and serum biochemistry were carried out at each phases of the healing process. The result showed a significant improved wound contraction in the estrogen treated by days 12, 15 and 17. Haematological analysis revealed significantly (P
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A New Advanced Backcross Tomato Population Enables High Resolution Leaf QTL Mapping and Gene Identification
Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) mapping is a powerful technique for dissecting the genetic basis of traits and species differences. Established tomato mapping populations between domesticated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and its more distant interfertile relatives typically follow a near isogenic line (NIL) design, such as the Solanum pennellii Introgression Line (IL) population, with a single wild introgression per line in an otherwise domesticated genetic background. Here we report on a new advanced backcross QTL mapping resource for tomato, derived from a cross between the M82 tomato cultivar and S. pennelli. This so-called Backcrossed Inbred Line (BIL) population is comprised of a mix of BC2 and BC3 lines, with domesticated tomato as the recurrent parent. The BIL population is complementary to the existing S. pennellii IL population, with which it shares parents. Using the BILs we mapped traits for leaf complexity, leaflet shape, and flowering time. We demonstrate the utility of the BILs for fine-mapping QTL, particularly QTL initially mapped in the ILs, by fine-mapping several QTL to single or few candidate genes. Moreover, we confirm the value of a backcrossed population with multiple introgressions per line, such as the BILs, for epistatic QTL mapping. Our work was further enabled by the development of our own statistical inference and visualization tools, namely a heterogeneous Hidden Markov Model for genotyping the lines, and by using state of the art sparse regression techniques for QTL mapping.
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Contextual processing in unpredictable auditory environments: The limited resource model of auditory refractoriness in the rhesus
Auditory refractoriness refers to the finding of smaller EEG responses to tones preceded by shorter periods of silence. To date its physiological mechanisms remain unclear, limiting the insights gained from findings of abnormal refractoriness in individuals with schizophrenia. To resolve this roadblock, we studied auditory refractoriness in the rhesus - one of the most important animal models of auditory function - using grids of up to 32 chronically implanted cranial EEG electrodes. Four macaques passively listened to sounds whose identity and timing was random thus preventing animals from forming valid predictions about upcoming sounds. Stimulus onset asynchrony ranged between 0.2 and 12.8 sec, thus encompassing the clinically relevant time-scale of refractoriness. Our results show refractoriness in all 8 previously identified middle and long-latency components that peaked between 14 and 170 ms after tone onset. Refractoriness may reflect the formation and gradual decay of a basic sensory memory trace that may be mirrored by the expenditure and gradual recovery of a limited physiological resource that determines generator excitability. For all 8 components, results were consistent with the assumption that processing of each tone expends ~65% of the available resource. Differences between components are caused by how quickly the resource recovers. Recovery time-constants of different components ranged between 0.5 and 2 seconds. This work provides a solid conceptual, methodological, and computational foundation to dissect the physiological mechanisms of auditory refractoriness in the rhesus. Such knowledge may, in turn, help develop novel pharmacologic, mechanism-targeted interventions.
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White Matter and Cognition: Making the Connection
Whereas the cerebral cortex has long been regarded by neuroscientists as the major locus of cognitive function, the white matter of the brain is increasingly recognized as equally critical for cognition. White matter comprises half of the brain, has expanded more that gray matter in evolution, and forms an indispensable component of distributed neural networks that subserve neurobehavioral operations. White matter tracts mediate the essential connectivity by which human behavior is organized, working in concert with gray matter to enable the extraordinary repertoire of human cognitive capacities. In this review, we present evidence from behavioral neurology that white matter lesions regularly disturb cognition, consider the role of white matter in the physiology of distributed neural networks, discuss emerging concepts regarding the prevention and treatment of cognitive dysfunction associated with white matter disorders, and develop the hypothesis that white matter dysfunction is relevant to neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's Disease and the newly-described entity chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Further investigation of the role of white matter in cognition promises to expand understanding of normal brain structure and function, improve the treatment of many neurobehavioral disorders, and disclose new opportunities for research on many challenging problems facing medicine and society.
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Non-reciprocal mechanisms of up- and down-regulation of spinal motoneuron excitability by modulators of KCNQ/Kv7 channels
KCNQ/Kv7 channels form a slow non-inactivating K+ current, also known as the M-current. They activate in the sub-threshold range of membrane potentials and regulate different aspects of excitability in neurons of the central nervous system. In spinal motoneurons (MNs), KCNQ/Kv7 channels have been identified in the somata, axonal initial segment (AIS) and nodes of Ranvier where they generate a slow, non-inactivating, K+ current sensitive to both muscarinic receptor-mediated inhibition and KCNQ/Kv7 channel blockers. In this study, we thoroughly re-evaluated the function of up- and down-regulation of KCNQ/Kv7 channels in mouse immature spinal MNs. Using electrophysiological techniques together with specific pharmacological modulators of the activity of KCNQ/Kv7 channels we show that enhancement of the activity of these channels decreases the excitability of spinal MNs in mouse neonates. This action on MNs results from a combination of hyperpolarization of the resting membrane potential, a decrease in the input resistance, and depolarization of the voltage threshold. On the other hand, the effect of inhibition of KCNQ/Kv7 channels suggested that these channels play a limited role in regulating basal excitability. Computer simulations confirmed that pharmacological enhancement of KCNQ/Kv7 channel activity decreases excitability, and also suggested that the effects of inhibiting KCNQ/Kv7 channels on the excitability of spinal MNs does not depend on a direct effect in these neurons but likely on spinal cord synaptic partners. These results indicate that KCNQ/Kv7 channels have a fundamental role in the modulation of the excitability of spinal MNs acting both in these neurons and their local presynaptic partners.
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The destination defines the journey: An examination of the kinematics of hand-to-mouth movements
Long-train electrical stimulation of the motor and premotor cortices of non-human primates can produce either hand-to-mouth or grasp-to-inspect movements, depending on the precise location of stimulation. Furthermore, single-neuron recording studies identify discrete neuronal populations in the inferior parietal and ventral premotor cortices that respond uniquely to either grasp-to-eat or grasp-to-place movements, despite their identical mechanistic requirements. These studies demonstrate that the macaque motor cortex is organized around producing functional, goal-oriented movements, rather than simply fulfilling muscular prerequisites of action. In humans, right-handed hand-to-mouth movements have a unique kinematic signature; smaller maximum grip apertures are produced when grasping-to-eat than when grasping-to-place identical targets. This is evidence that the motor cortex in humans is also organized around producing functional movements. However, in both macaques and humans, grasp-to-eat/hand-to-mouth movements have always been elicited using edible targets, and have (necessarily) been paired with mouth movement. It is therefore unknown whether the kinematic distinction is a natural result of grasping food, and/or simply attributable to concurrent opening of the mouth while grasping. In Experiment 1, we use goal-differentiated grasping tasks, directed toward edible and inedible targets, to show that the unique kinematic signature is present even with inedible targets. In Experiment 2, we use the same goal-differentiated grasping tasks, either coupled-with or divorced-from an open mouth movement, to show that the signature is not attributable merely to a planned opening of the mouth during the grasp. These results are discussed in relation to the role of hand-to-mouth movements in human development, independent of grasp-to-eat behavior.
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Responses of cerebellar Purkinje cells during fictive optomotor behavior in larval zebrafish
Although most studies of the cerebellum have been conducted in mammals, cerebellar circuitry is highly conserved across vertebrates. Hence studies of simpler systems may provide a useful perspective on cerebellar function. The larval zebrafish is particularly promising in this regard because of its accessibility to optical monitoring and manipulations of neural activity. Though several studies suggest that the cerebellum plays a role in behavior at larval stages, little is known about the signals conveyed by identified neuron classes within the cerebellum. Here we use electrophysiological recordings to characterize subthreshold, simple spike, and climbing fiber responses in larval zebrafish Purkinje cells in the context of the fictive optomotor response (OMR)-a paradigm in which fish adjust motor output to stabilize their virtual position relative to a visual stimulus. Though visual responses were prominent in Purkinje cells, they lacked the direction or velocity sensitivity that would be expected for controlling the OMR. On the other hand, Purkinje cells exhibited strong responses during fictive swim bouts. Temporal characteristics of these responses are suggestive of a general role for the cerebellum in controlling swimming. Climbing fibers encoded both visual and motor signals but did not appear to encode signals that could be used to adjust OMG gain, such as retinal slip. Finally, the observation of diverse relationships between simple spikes and climbing fiber responses in individual Purkinje cells highlights the importance of distinguishing between these two types of activity in calcium imaging experiments.
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Sciatic Nerve Stimulation Activates the Retrotrapezoid Nucleus (RTN) in Anesthetized Rats
Retrotrapezoid (RTN) neurons sustain breathing automaticity. These neurons have chemoreceptor properties but their firing is also regulated by multiple synaptic inputs of uncertain function. Here we test whether RTN, like neighboring presympathetic neurons, are excited by somatic afferent stimulation. Experiments were performed in Inactin-anesthetized, bilaterally-vagotomized, paralyzed, mechanically ventilated Sprague-Dawley rats. End-expiratory CO2 (eeCO2) was varied between 4 and 10% to modify rate and amplitude of phrenic nerve discharge (PND). RTN and presympathetic neurons were recorded extracellularly below the facial motor nucleus using established criteria. Sciatic nerve stimulation (SNstim, 1 ms, 0.5Hz) slightly increased blood pressure (6.6 ± 1.6 mmHg) and heart rate and, at low eeCO2 (<5.5%), entrained PND. Ipsi- and contralateral SNstim produced the known biphasic activation of presympathetic neurons. SNstim evoked a similar but weaker biphasic response in up to 67% of RTN neurons and monophasic excitation in the rest. At low eeCO2, RTN neurons were silent and responded more weakly to SNstim than at high eeCO2. RTN neuron firing was respiratory modulated to various degrees. The phasic activation of RTN neurons elicited by SNstim was virtually unchanged at high eeCO2 when PND entrainment to the stimulus was disrupted. Thus, RTN neuron response to SNstim did not result from entrainment to the central pattern generator. Overall, SNstim shifted the relationship between RTN firing and eeCO2 upward. In conclusion, somatic afferent stimulation increases RTN neuron firing probability without altering their response to CO2. This pathway may contribute to the hyperpnea triggered by nociception, exercise (muscle metabotropic reflex) or hyperthermia.
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The Effect of Combined Spinal-Epidural Versus Epidural Analgesia in Laboring Women on Nonreassuring Fetal Heart Rate Tracings: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
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Ultrasound Identification of the Guidewire in the Brachiocephalic Vein for the Prevention of Inadvertent Arterial Catheterization During Internal Jugular Central Venous Catheter Placement.
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