Imaging of the Pediatric Urinary System

Publication date: Available online 24 December 2016
Source:Radiologic Clinics of North America
Author(s): Ellen M. Chung, Karl A. Soderlund, Kimberly E. Fagen

Teaser

Recent advances in pediatric urinary tract imaging include development of alternative imaging methods without use of ionizing radiation; evolving understanding of the relationship of urinary tract infection, vesicoureteral reflux, and renal scarring, including the important role of dysfunctional voiding; development of a consensus nomenclature and risk-based classification for fetal and antenatal urinary tract dilation; advances in the understanding of sporadic and inherited renal cystic disease; and a proposed modification of the Bosniak criteria for distinguishing complex renal cysts from cystic renal tumors in children.


from Radiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2irHz54
via IFTTT

Active Workstations Do Not Impair Executive Function in Young and Middle-Age Adults.

Purpose: To examine the effects of self-selected low-intensity walking on an active workstation on executive functions in young and middle-aged adults. Methods: Using a within-subjects design, 32 young (20.6 +/- 2.0 yr) and 26 middle-aged (45.6 +/- 11.8 yr) adults performed low-intensity treadmill walking and seated control conditions in randomized order on separate days, while completing an executive function test battery. Executive functions (EFs) were assessed using modified versions of the Stroop (inhibition), Sternberg (working memory), Wisconsin Card Sorting (cognitive flexibility), and Tower of London (global EF) cognitive tasks. Behavioral performance outcomes were assessed using composite task z-scores and traditional measures of reaction time and accuracy. Average heart rate (HR) and step count were also measured throughout. Results: The expected task difficulty effects were found for reaction time and accuracy. No significant main effects or interactions as a function of treadmill walking were found for tasks assessing global EF and the three individual executive function domains. Accuracy on the Tower of London task was slightly impaired during slow treadmill walking for both age groups. Middle-aged adults displayed longer planning times for more difficult conditions of the Tower of London during walking compared to sitting. A 50 min session of low-intensity treadmill walking on an active workstation resulted in accruing approximately 4,500 steps. Conclusions: These findings suggest that executive function performance remains relatively unaffected while walking on an active workstation, further supporting the use of treadmill workstations as an effective approach to increase physical activity and reduce sedentary time in the workplace. (C) 2016 American College of Sports Medicine

from Sports Medicine via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2i2d2f7
via IFTTT

Low-Force Muscle Activity Regulates Energy Expenditure after Spinal Cord Injury.

Reduced physical activity is a primary risk factor for increased morbidity and mortality, People with spinal cord injury (SCI) have reduced activity for a lifetime, as they cannot volitionally activate affected skeletal muscles. We explored whether low force and low frequency stimulation is a viable strategy to enhance systemic energy expenditure in people with SCI. Purpose: To determine the effects of low stimulation frequency (1 Hz, 3 Hz) and stimulation intensity (50 mA and 100 mA) on energy expenditure in people with SCI. We also examined the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) on energy expenditure during low frequency stimulation. Methods: Ten individuals with complete SCI underwent oxygen consumption monitoring during electrical activation of the quadriceps and hamstrings at 1 Hz and 3 Hz and at 50 and 100 mA. We calculated the difference in energy expenditure between stimulation and rest and estimated the number of days that would be necessary to burn 1 pound of body fat (3,500 kcal) for each stimulation protocol (1 Hz versus 3 Hz). Results: Both training frequencies induced a significant increase in oxygen consumption above a resting baseline level (p

from Sports Medicine via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2hhX3eb
via IFTTT

Prevalence of Exercise-Induced Arterial Hypoxemia in Distance Runners at Sea Level.

Purpose: It has been reported that ~50% of endurance-trained men demonstrate exercise induced arterial oxyhemoglobin hypoxemia (EIAH) during heavy exercise. However, this often-cited prevalence rate comes from a single study using a cohort of 25 highly trained men who completed maximal cycle ergometry. As arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation (SpO2) during maximal exercise is reported to be significantly lower during treadmill vs. cycle ergometry in the same subjects, we hypothesized that the prevalence of EIAH would be greater than previously reported (and commonly referenced) in a larger cohort of highly endurance-trained men during maximal treadmill running. Methods: Data from 124 highly trained male distance runners (VO2max range 60.3 - 84.7 mL[middle dot]kg-1[middle dot]min-1) were retrospectively examined from previously published studies completed in the Indiana University Human Performance Laboratory. Subjects completed a constant speed, progressive grade treadmill exercise test to volitional exhaustion, and arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation (SaO2ear) in all subjects was estimated using the same oximeter (Hewlett Packard 47201A). Results: Utilizing similar inclusion criteria as previously published for highly trained (VO2max > 68 mL[middle dot]kg-1[middle dot]min-1) and for EIAH (SaO2ear

from Sports Medicine via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2i2g5Ux
via IFTTT

Effect of Load Carriage on Upper Limb Performance.

Carrying heavy backpacks are often associated with shoulder discomfort or pain, loss of sensorimotor functions, and brachial plexus injuries that might hamper performance. Based on previous research, the cause of these symptoms could be tissue deformations of the brachial plexus and the subclavian artery caused by the shoulder straps. Purpose: To evaluate the changes in the upper extremity hemodynamic and neural function, and to assess how they are associated with brachial plexus tissue deformation during heavy load carriage. Methods: Ten young healthy adults carried for 45 min a backpack load (40% of their body weight) while standing freely, followed by 15 min of recovery (unloaded). Index-finger microvascular flow and sensorimotor function were measured before and after carrying the load, and following recovery. The following sensorimotor functions were measured: light touch thresholds by the index finger and little finger, forearm thermal sensation thresholds, and gross motor function. In addition, marksmanship accuracy, as an indication for fine motor function, was tested. Results: Load carriage resulted in an average decrease of ~40% in microvascular flow, and a significant decrement in light touch sensation (p

from Sports Medicine via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2hi2dXi
via IFTTT

Heat Strain Is Exacerbated on the Second of Consecutive Days of Fire Suppression.

Purpose: We tested the hypothesis that physiological and perceptual heat strain is exacerbated on the second of back-to-back days of fire suppression work despite evidence of full recovery. Methods: Twenty-six career and volunteer firefighters (age: 31+/- 8 y) completed 20 min of near maximal fire suppression work on consecutive days. Dependent variables were core temperature, heart rate, perceived exertion and thermal sensation, which were measured before and after fire suppression. Urine specific gravity and body mass were also measured upon arrival at the fire academy as an index of hydration and recovery between days. Results: Urine specific gravity (1.007+/-0.006 vs. 1.005+/-0.006), body mass (87.7+/-16.1 vs. 87.8+/-16.0 kg), heart rate (77+/-14 vs. 76 +/- 14 bpm) and core temperature (37.2+/-0.4 vs. 37.1+/-0.7[degrees]C) were not different upon arrival on Day 1 compared to Day 2 (P>=0.26). The increase in core temperature during fire suppression was higher on Day 2 (0.7+/-0.3 vs. 1.1+/-0.5[degrees]C, P

from Sports Medicine via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2i2gm9V
via IFTTT

Exercise Training Reverses Extrapulmonary Impairments in Smoke-exposed Mice.

Purpose: Cigarette smoking is the main risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and emphysema. However, evidence on the extrapulmonary effects of smoke exposure that precede lung impairments remains unclear at present, as are data on non-pharmacological treatments such as exercise training. Methods: Three groups of mice including control (n=10), smoking (n=10), and smoking with 6 weeks of high-intensity interval treadmill running (n=11) were exposed to 20 weeks of fresh air or whole-body cigarette smoke. Exercise capacity (peak oxygen uptake) and lung destruction (histology) were subsequently measured, while the heart, peripheral endothelium (aorta), and respiratory (diaphragm) and limb (extensor digitorum longus and soleus) skeletal muscles were assessed for in vivo and in vitro function, in situ mitochondrial respiration, and molecular alterations. Results: Smoking reduced body weight by 26% (P0.05). Smoking impaired exercise capacity by 15% while inducing right ventricular dysfunction by ~20%, endothelial dysfunction by ~20%, and diaphragm muscle weakness by ~15% (all P

from Sports Medicine via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2hi4HoB
via IFTTT

Deriving a GPS Monitoring Time Recommendation for Physical Activity Studies of Adults.

Introduction: Determining locations of physical activity (PA) is important for surveillance and intervention development, yet recommendations for using location recording tools like Geographic Positioning System (GPS) units are lacking. Specifically, no recommendation exists for the number of days study participants should wear a GPS to reliably estimate PA time spent in locations. Methods: This study used data from participants (N=224, age 18-85) in five states who concurrently wore an ActiGraph GT1M accelerometer and a Qstarz BT-Q1000X GPS for three consecutive weeks to construct monitoring day recommendations through variance partitioning methods. PA bouts >=10 minutes were constructed from accelerometer counts and location of GPS points was determined using a hand-coding protocol. Results: Monitoring day recommendations varied by the type of location (e.g. participant homes versus parks) and the intensity of PA bouts considered (low and medium cut-point moderate to vigorous (MVPA) bouts or high cut-point vigorous (VPA) bouts). In general, minutes of all PA intensities spent in a given location could be measured with >=80% reliability using 1-3 days of GPS monitoring for fitness facilities, schools, and footpaths. MVPA bout minutes in parks and roads required longer monitoring periods of 5-12 days. PA in homes and commercial areas required >19 days of monitoring. Conclusions: Twelve days of monitoring was found to reliably estimate minutes in both low and medium threshold MVPA as well as VPA bouts for many important built environment locations that can be targeted to increase PA at the population level. Minutes of PA in the home environment and commercial locations may be best assessed through other means given the lengthy estimated monitoring time required. (C) 2016 American College of Sports Medicine

from Sports Medicine via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2i2fphK
via IFTTT

Brief Intense Stair Climbing Improves Cardiorespiratory Fitness.

Purpose: Sprint interval training (SIT) is a time-efficient strategy to improve cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF); however, most protocols have been studied in laboratory settings and require specialized equipment. We investigated the efficacy of brief intense stair climbing as a practical model of SIT to improve CRF. Methods: Two separate studies, each consisting of an acute and chronic phase, were conducted in a total of 31 sedentary women (age=24+/-10 y; BMI=23+/-4 kg*m-2). Results: The acute phase of Study 1 established that the mean heart rate (HR), blood [lactate], and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were similar when participants (n=8) performed a SIT protocol that involved 3x20-s "all-out" efforts of either continuously ascending stairs or cycling. The chronic phase demonstrated that CRF, as determined by peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), increased by 12%, or ~1 metabolic equivalent (8.27+/-1.05 to 9.25+/-1.01 METs; p=0.002) when participants (n=12) performed the 3x20-s stair climbing protocol 3 d*wk-1 for 6 wk. The acute phase of Study 2 established that HR and RPE were similar when participants (n=11) performed three different stair climbing protocols: the 3x20-s continuous ascent model used in Study 1, and two 3x60-s models of ascending and descending either one or two flights of stairs (p>0.05). The chronic phase demonstrated that VO2peak increased by 7% (8.91+/-1.30 to 9.51+/-1.52 METs; p=0.01) when the same group of participants performed the one-flight 3x60-s protocol 3 d*wk-1 for 6 wk. The Cederholm index determined from an oral glucose tolerance test was 57+/-17 and 64+/-21 mg*l2*mmol-1*mU-1*min-1 before and after training, respectively (p=0.056). Conclusion: Brief, intense stair climbing is a practical, time-efficient strategy to improve CRF in previously untrained women. (C) 2016 American College of Sports Medicine

from Sports Medicine via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2higtPR
via IFTTT