Personality, High-risk Behaviors, and Elevated Risk of Unintentional Deaths Related to Drug Poisoning among Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury

Publication date: Available online 13 June 2018
Source:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Author(s): James S. Krause, Yue Cao, Nicole D. DiPiro, Emma Cuddy
ObjectiveTo identify risk and protective factors for unintentional death related to drug poisoning from prescription medications, including opioid-related deaths, and death due to all other causes among participants with spinal cord injury (SCI).DesignProspective cohort study.SettingLarge specialty hospital in the Southeastern United States.ParticipantsTwo cohorts of SCI participants, totaling 3070 adults (>18 years old) with chronic (>1 year) traumatic SCI. Cohort 1 was enrolled in 1997-1998 (n = 1386) and cohort 2 was enrolled in 2007-2009 (n = 1684).InterventionsN/AMain Outcome Measure(s)Participants completed self-report assessments including multiple behavioral variables (alcohol, smoking, and prescription medication), as well as the Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire (ZKPQ). The primary outcome is unintentional death related to drug poisoning. Mortality status was determined as of December 31, 2014, using the National Death Index. Centers for Disease Control guidelines were used for classifying participants into 3 groups: (1) unintentional death related to drug poisoning, (2) other death, and (3) alive.ResultsThere were 690 deaths (23%), including 24 unintentional deaths related to drug poisoning (11 from opioids). Binge drinking, medication usage total score, and impulsive-sensation seeking were risk factors for unintentional death related to drug poisoning, whereas the ZKPQ activity scale was protective. Risk factors for other causes of death included older age, greater injury severity, being non-ambulatory, regular smoker, medication use total score, and greater neuroticism-anxiety scale scores.ConclusionsUnintentional deaths related to prescription drug overdose are associated with a set of risk factors that differs in meaningful ways from risk of death due to other causes after SCI, and these differences hold the key to prevention strategies.



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