Resting cranial and upper cervical muscle activity is increased in patients with migraine

The International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD) considers muscle to be relevant in tension-type headache, but does not address its relevance in migraine (Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache, 2013). There have been many studies since the 1970s examining the role of muscle in migraine as well as in tension-type headache, mostly qualitative (Bakal et al., 1977, Tfelt‐Hansen et al., 1981, Bakke et al., 1982, Clifford et al., 1982, Lous et al., 1982, Ahles et al., 1988, Celentano et al., 1990, Lebbink et al., 1991, Jensen et al., 1993, Blau et al., 1994, Burnett et al., 2000, Hagen et al., 2002, Ebinger, 2006, Leistad et al., 2006, Fernández‐de‐las‐Peñas et al., 2008, Hung et al., 2008, Oksanen et al., 2008, Blaschek et al., 2012, Watson et al., 2012, Didier et al., 2015, Landgraf et al., 2015).

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