Red meat consumption and serum lipids and fatty acids in toddlers: secondary outcomes of a randomized controlled trial

Objectives: To examine the effects of promoting increased lean red meat consumption on serum concentrations of total and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and serum fatty acid composition, among toddlers. Methods: In a 20-wk randomized controlled trial healthy 12–20-mo-old children were assigned to: Red Meat (n = 90; parents were encouraged to add 56 g/d of lean red meat to their toddler's usual diet), or Control (n = 90) groups. Food and nutrient intakes were assessed with 3-d weighed food records (baseline, wk 4, and wk 20). Serum was analyzed for total and HDL cholesterol concentrations, and fatty acid composition (baseline and wk 20). Results: At wk 20, relative to Control, the Red Meat group had higher intakes of red meat, all meat, and carbohydrate; and lower intakes of milk, energy, cholesterol, and total, saturated, and monounsaturated fat (P = 0.043 for energy, all others P≤0.002). No effects associated with the intervention were found for total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, total to HDL cholesterol ratio, or serum fatty acid composition (all P≥0.059) aside from pentadecanoic acid (P = 0.047). Conclusions: A ∼3-fold increase in lean red meat intake, from ∼10 to ∼30 g/d, resulted in no consistent changes in serum lipids or fatty acid composition, suggesting that the addition of ∼2 tablespoons/d of lean red meat to toddlers' diets will likely not adversely affect serum lipids or serum fatty acids. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Ewa A. Szymlek-Gay, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne Burwood Campus, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia (e-mail: ewa.szymlekgay@deakin.edu.au). Received 14 November, 2017 Accepted 8 April, 2018 Funding sources: Supported by the Health Research Council of New Zealand; Meat and Livestock Australia; Meat and Wool New Zealand; and the University of Otago. The study funders had no role in: study design or conduct; the collection, management, analysis, or interpretation of the data; the preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; or the decision to submit the manuscript for publication. Clinical trial registration: This trial was registered at www.anzctr.org. au as ACTRN12605000487617. Financial disclosure: The authors have no financial relationships to disclose that are relevant to this manuscript. Conflicts of interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose that are relevant to this manuscript. Contributors' statements: Dr. Szymlek-Gay designed the study, collected the data, carried out statistical analyses, and wrote the manuscript; Mr. Gray carried out statistical analyses and critically reviewed the manuscript; Drs. Heath and Ferguson conceptualized and designed the study, and critically reviewed the manuscript; Dr. Skeaff was responsible for the fatty acid analyses, carried out statistical analyses, and wrote the manuscript. All authors approved the final manuscript as submitted. Supplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text, and links to the digital files are provided in the HTML text of this article on the journal's Web site (www.jpgn.org). © 2018 by European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology,

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