Neural network topology in ADHD; evidence for maturational delay and default-mode network alterations

Throughout childhood and adolescence, healthy brain development is characterized by a range of neurobiological changes, such as synaptic pruning and myelination of long-distance axons (Craik and Bialystok, 2006) that ultimately lead to a matured brain that enables fast signal transduction while maintaining relatively low energy costs (Boersma et al., 2011). The organization of normal adult brain networks is described as an intermediate structure between tree extremes: (1) a locally connected, highly ordered (regular) network, (2) a random network and (3) a scale-free network, which is characterized by highly connected brain areas, or 'hubs' (Stam, 2014).

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