Sex-specific differences in cardiovascular and metabolic hormones with integrated signalling in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus

Abstract

Many traditional cardiovascular hormones have been implicated in metabolic function. Conversely, many hormones traditionally involved in metabolic regulation have an effect on cardiovascular function. Many of these signalling molecules exert such effects through specific actions in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), an integrative autonomic control centre located in the hypothalamus. Here, we focus on four cardiovascular/metabolic peptide hormones that signal within the PVN, angiotensin II, orexin, adiponectin, and nesfatin-1. Each of these hormones have specific electrophysiological effects on PVN neurons that can be related to their physiological actions. In addition, we introduce preliminary transcriptomic data indicating that the genes for some of these hormones and their receptors have sex-specific differential expression.

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