Seated Shot-Put

Acronym:

SSP

Purpose:

To assess upper extremity function and power.

Description:

• Subjects were seated in a standard 18 inch chair without armrests
• Front legs of the chair placed on a line made by the tester
• Subjects feet and lower legs were placed on another 18 inch chair positioned just in front of their chair so that the hips, knees, and ankles were in a straight line parallel to the ground.
• The non-throwing arm is placed across the chest and a strap is placed diagonally around the upper body to secure the subject to the chair.
• Subject is given a 6-lb. medicine ball and is instructed not to "throw" the medicine ball in an overhead baseball-type fashion.
• Subjects are allowed to perform 4 gradient submaximal to maximal warm-ups of 25, 50, 75, and 100% effort of the seated 1 arm shot put.
• Subject then rests for 2 minutes, followed by 3 maximal effort shot-puts.
• Recorder measures from the tapeline at the front of the subject's chair to the site where the ball first struck the ground.
• Verbal encouragement can be given during the test to ensure high-intensity effort.
• Two minutes of recovery is given before testing the opposite arm in the same manner.

Area of Assessment: Activities of Daily Living, Coordination, General Health, Strength, Upper Extremity Function

Body Part: Upper Extremity

ICF Domain: Body Function, Activity, Participation

Domain: ADL, Motor

Assessment Type: Performance Measure

Length of Test: 06 to 30 Minutes

Time to Administer:

Approximately 20 Minutes

Number of Items: 1

Equipment Required:

Measuring Tape; 2 Chars, Strap; 6-lb Medicine Ball

Training Required:

No Formal Training Required

Type of training required: No Training

Cost: Free

Actual Cost:

No Cost (except for cost of required equipment)

Age Range: Adult: 18-64 years

Administration Mode: Paper/Pencil

Diagnosis: Cerebral Palsy, Movement Disorders

Populations Tested:

• Healthy recreationally active adults between ages 18 and 45 years.
• Cerebral Palsy
• General Outpatient Orthopedics
• Adolescent Wrestlers
• Older Adults (Age 67-77)
• Collegiate Football players

Standard Error of Measurement (SEM):

Healthy Recreationally Active Adults: (Negrete et al., 2010)

• Dominant: SEM= 7 in.
• Non-dominant: SEM= 8 in

Older Adults (Harris et al., 2011)

• SEM= 19.1cm in 1.5kg medicine ball throw
• SEM= 14.8 cm in 3.0kg medicine ball throw

Minimal Detectable Change (MDC):

Healthy recreationally active adults:  (Negrete, 2010)

• Dominant: MDC= 17 in.
• Non-dominant: MDC= 18 in.

Older Adults (Harris et al., 2011)

• MDC= 53.8 cm in 1.5kg medicine ball throw
• MDC= 41.0 cm in 3.0kg medicine ball throw

Minimally Clinically Important Difference (MCID):

Not Established

Cut-Off Scores:

Not Established

Normative Data:

Healthy recreationally active adults:

(Negrete, 2010; n=180; mean age = 24,29 (5,33))

●      Men

○    18-22

■    Dominant: mean=87.76, SD=22.98

■    Non-dominant: mean=77.58, SD=21.18

○    23-27

■    Dominant: mean=115.78, SD=71.46

■    Non-dominant: mean=115.78, SD=56.36

○    28-32

■    Dominant: mean=155.16, SD=56.35

■    Non-dominant: mean=144.03, SD=58.61

○    33-37

■    Dominant: mean=230.80, SD=29.93

■    Non-dominant: mean=211.80, SD=17.87

○    38-42

■    Dominant: mean=216.33, SD=21.21

■    Non-dominant: mean=194.33, SD=16.49

●      Women

○    18-22

■    Dominant: mean=60.25, SD=22.98

■    Non-dominant: mean=54.83, SD=21.71

○    23-27

■    Dominant: mean=85.92, SD=38.95

■    Non-dominant: mean=78.10, SD=37.16

○    28-32

■    Dominant: mean=99.35, SD=31.90

■    Non-dominant: mean=91.74, SD=30.86

○    33-37

■    Dominant: mean=88.98, SD=38.87

■    Non-dominant: mean=77.10, SD=36.10

○    38-42

■    Dominant: mean=78.82, SD=35.58

■    Non-dominant: mean=75.08, SD=35.53

Test-retest Reliability:

Healthy recreationally active adults:  (Negrete, 2010)

• Dominant: Excellent (ICC= 0.988; 95% CI 0.978–0.993)
• Non-dominant: Excellent (ICC= 0.971; 95% CI 0.947–0.984)

Interrater/Intrarater Reliability:

Not Established

Internal Consistency:

Not Established

Criterion Validity (Predictive/Concurrent):

Not Established

Construct Validity (Convergent/Discriminant):

Not Established

Content Validity:

Not Established

Face Validity:

Not Established

Floor/Ceiling Effects:

Not Established

Responsiveness:

Not Established

Considerations:

This task may be performed with two hands as well as use a shot-put rather than a medicine ball. Changing these factors may change the reliability and validity.

Bibliography:

Davis, K.L., Kang, M., Boswell, B.B., DuBose, K.D. and Altman, S.R. 2008. Validity and reliability of the medicine ball throw for kindergarten children. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 22:6, 1958-1963.

 

Harris, C., Wattles, A.P., DeBeliso, M., Sevene-Adams, P.G., Berning, J.M. and Adams, K.J. 2011.The seated medicine ball throw as a test of upper body power in older adults. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 25:8, 2344-2348.

 

Hegedus, E.J., Vidt, M.E. and Tarara, D.T. 2014. The best combination of physical performance and self-report measures to capture function in three patient. Physical Therapy Reviews. 19:3, 196-203.

 

Mayhew, J.L., Bemben, M.G. and Rohrs, D.M. 1992. Seated shot put as a Measure of Upper Body Power in Adolescent Wrestlers. Pediatric Exercise Science 4: 78-84.

 

Mayhew, J.L., Bemben, M.G., Piper, F.C., Ware, J.S., Rohrs, D.M. and Bemben, D.A. 1993. Assessing bench press power in college football players: the seated shot put. Journal of Strength and Conditioning. 7:2, 95-100.

 

Negrete, R.J., Hanney, W.J., Kolber, M.J., Davies, G.J., Ansley, M.K., McBride, A.B. and Overstreet, A.L. 2010. Reliability, minimal detectable change, and normative values for tests of upper extremity function and power. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 24:12, 2218-3325.

 

O'Riordan A. and Frossard L. 2006. Seated shot put-what's it all about? Modern Athlete and Coach. 44:2, 3-8.

Instrument in PDF Format: Yes

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