Maximal Exercise Alters the Inflammatory Phenotype and Response of Mononuclear Cells

Purpose Monocytes express the CD14 receptor that facilitates lipopolysaccharide (LPS) ligation to toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) to elicit production of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). However, proinflammatory conditions, such as strenuous exercise, increase the percentage of monocytes expressing CD16, a receptor that enhances LPS stimulated TNF-α production. Therefore, we examined whether maximal treadmill exercise would alter the inflammatory phenotype of classical (CD14+/CD16−) and proinflammatory monocytes (intermediate [CD14++/CD16+] and nonclassical [CD14+/CD16++]), evidenced by changes in TLR4, CD14, and CD16 receptor expression, and their inflammatory response to ex vivo LPS stimulation. Methods Human mononuclear cells from 25 male participants (age, 24.2 ± 4.0 yr) were isolated before and after exercise to assess TLR4, CD14, and CD16 expression by flow cytometry and ex vivo production of LPS-stimulated inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α). Results Exercise reduced the percentage of classical monocytes and increased the percentage of intermediate and nonclassical monocytes. In addition, TLR4 expression decreased on classical and intermediate monocytes, but not the nonclassical monocyte subset. Furthermore, although CD14 expression decreased on all monocyte subsets, CD16 expression increased on intermediate monocytes only. In parallel with these phenotypic changes, the inflammatory milieu shifted toward a proinflammatory response after LPS stimulation (decreased IL-6 and IL-10 and increased IL-6 to IL-10 ratio and TNF-α production). Conclusions These findings demonstrate that acute maximal exercise elicits a proinflammatory phenotype of isolated monocytes exposed to LPS and highlight potential mechanisms that will help elucidate the role of acute and chronic exercise on the innate immune response of circulating monocytes.

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