Increased Walking's Additive and No Substitution Effect on Total Physical Activity.

Purpose: We assessed the associations between a change in time spent walking and a change in total physical activity (PA) time within an urban living adult sample, to test for additive or substitution effects. Methods: Participants living in the greater Seattle area were assessed in 2008-2009 and again 1-2 years later (2010-2011). At each time point, they wore accelerometers and GPS units and recorded trips and locations in a travel diary for 7 consecutive days. These data streams were combined to derive a more objective estimate of walking and total PA. Participants also completed the International Physical Activity Questionnaire to provide self-reported estimates of walking and total PA. Regression analyses assessed the associations between within-participant changes in objective and self-reported walking and total PA. Results: Data came from 437 participants. On average, a 1-minute increase in total walking was associated with an increase in total PA of 1 minute, measured by objective data and 1.2-minute, by self-reported data. A similar additive effect was consistently found with utilitarian, transportation, or job-related walking, measured by both objective and self-reported data. For recreational walking, the effect of change was mixed between objective and self-reported results. Conclusion: Both objective and self-reported data confirmed an additive effect of utilitarian and total walking on PA. (C) 2017 American College of Sports Medicine

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