Publication date: Available online 6 July 2017
Source:Journal of Oral Biosciences
Author(s): Naho Sueishi, Tomoko Ohshima, Takashi Oikawa, Hiroshi Takemura, Mai Kasai, Nobuko Maeda, Yoshiki Nakamura
ObjectivesQuantitative analysis of the biofilm has been critical for pathogenicity of oral diseases such as caries and periodontal disease. Currently, the plaque control record (PCR) is used most frequently to evaluate the presence of plaque on teeth, but no quantification methods exist so far. The aim of this study was to establish a method to quantify plaque adhesion on teeth.MethodsA novel algorithm and executing program was developed to calculate the staining volume of biofilm on plastic disks or extracted teeth inoculated by Streptococcus mutans from photographic image data. The biofilm's volume on plastic disks was determined using a confocal microscope, and correlations between image analysis data were analyzed. Subsequently, the amount of plaque in the oral cavity was clinically evaluated using this algorithm.ResultsA strong correlation was observed between the biofilm's volume and the image analysis data. Similar results were also obtained with the biofilm model using extracted teeth. Clinically, it was revealed that an assessment of the amount of plaque adhesion for every tooth was possible, which could not be determined by PCR in the oral cavity.ConclusionsWe successfully developed a novel method, designated “plaque volume ratio,” to quantify the plaque accurately from photographic image data. Our findings indicated that this method may be useful for the evaluation of the amount of plaque on the surfaces of not only teeth but also dental materials in the oral cavity.
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Πέμπτη 6 Ιουλίου 2017
Clinicopathological Significance of Micropapillary Pattern in Lung Adenocarcinoma
Abstract
The aim of this study was to elucidate the clinicopathological characteristics of the micropapillary (MP) subtype and its correlation with survival in lung adenocarcinoma. We investigated the clinicopathological characteristics, including the incidence, sex, smoking history, tumor size, lymph node metastasis, lymphovascular invasion, distant metastasis, genetic alteration, and prognosis in lung adenocarcinoma with the MP pattern through a meta-analysis. From 48 eligible studies, 19,502 lung adenocarcinomas were included. The incidence rate of the MP pattern was 0.101 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.075–0.136]. There was no significant difference between stage I and III tumors. Lung adenocarcinoma with the MP pattern showed higher rates of lymphatic invasion (0.526, 95% CI 0.403–0.645). MP pattern was found in 0.150 (95% CI 0.008–0.790) of lung adenocarcinoma with distant metastasis. In lung adenocarcinoma with the MP pattern, the estimated rates of ALK, EGFR, and KRAS mutations were 0.102 (95% CI 0.027–0.322), 0.620 (95% CI 0.444–0.769), and 0.118 (95% CI 0.027–0.393), respectively. The MP pattern of lung adenocarcinoma was significantly correlated with worse overall and disease-free survival rates (hazard ratio 1.704, 95% CI 1.216–2.387, and 2.082, 95% CI 1.541–2.813, respectively). Taken together, identification of the MP pattern in lung adenocarcinoma is useful for prediction of clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of patients.
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Clinicopathological Significance of Micropapillary Pattern in Lung Adenocarcinoma
Abstract
The aim of this study was to elucidate the clinicopathological characteristics of the micropapillary (MP) subtype and its correlation with survival in lung adenocarcinoma. We investigated the clinicopathological characteristics, including the incidence, sex, smoking history, tumor size, lymph node metastasis, lymphovascular invasion, distant metastasis, genetic alteration, and prognosis in lung adenocarcinoma with the MP pattern through a meta-analysis. From 48 eligible studies, 19,502 lung adenocarcinomas were included. The incidence rate of the MP pattern was 0.101 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.075–0.136]. There was no significant difference between stage I and III tumors. Lung adenocarcinoma with the MP pattern showed higher rates of lymphatic invasion (0.526, 95% CI 0.403–0.645). MP pattern was found in 0.150 (95% CI 0.008–0.790) of lung adenocarcinoma with distant metastasis. In lung adenocarcinoma with the MP pattern, the estimated rates of ALK, EGFR, and KRAS mutations were 0.102 (95% CI 0.027–0.322), 0.620 (95% CI 0.444–0.769), and 0.118 (95% CI 0.027–0.393), respectively. The MP pattern of lung adenocarcinoma was significantly correlated with worse overall and disease-free survival rates (hazard ratio 1.704, 95% CI 1.216–2.387, and 2.082, 95% CI 1.541–2.813, respectively). Taken together, identification of the MP pattern in lung adenocarcinoma is useful for prediction of clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of patients.
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Prévention médicale et traitement des complications pulmonaires secondaires à la radiothérapie
Source:Cancer/Radiothérapie
Author(s): A. Vallard, C. Rancoule, H. Le Floch, J.-B. Guy, S. Espenel, C. Le Péchoux, É. Deutsch, N. Magné, C. Chargari
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The Effects of Bit Wear on Respirable Silica Dust, Noise and Productivity: A Hammer Drill Bench Study
Abstract
Objectives:
Hammer drills are used extensively in commercial construction for drilling into concrete for tasks including rebar installation for structural upgrades and anchor bolt installation. This drilling task can expose workers to respirable silica dust and noise. The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the effects of bit wear on respirable silica dust, noise, and drilling productivity.
Method:
Test bits were worn to three states by drilling consecutive holes to different cumulative drilling depths: 0, 780, and 1560 cm. Each state of bit wear was evaluated by three trials (nine trials total). For each trial, an automated laboratory test bench system drilled 41 holes 1.3 cm diameter, and 10 cm deep into concrete block at a rate of one hole per minute using a commercially available hammer drill and masonry bits. During each trial, dust was continuously captured by two respirable and one inhalable sampling trains and noise was sampled with a noise dosimeter. The room was thoroughly cleaned between trials.
Results:
When comparing results for the sharp (0 cm) versus dull bit (1560 cm), the mean respirable silica increased from 0.41 to 0.74 mg m−3 in sampler 1 (P = 0.012) and from 0.41 to 0.89 mg m−3 in sampler 2 (P = 0.024); levels above the NIOSH recommended exposure limit of 0.05 mg m−3. Likewise, mean noise levels increased from 112.8 to 114.4 dBA (P < 0.00001). Drilling productivity declined with increasing wear from 10.16 to 7.76 mm s−1 (P < 0.00001).
Discussion:
Increasing bit wear was associated with increasing respirable silica dust and noise and reduced drilling productivity. The levels of dust and noise produced by these experimental conditions would require dust capture, hearing protection, and possibly respiratory protection. The findings support the adoption of a bit replacement program by construction contractors.from #ENT-AlexandrosSfakianakis via ola Kala on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2tvPtRm
Ability to Discriminate Between Sustainable and Unsustainable Heat Stress Exposures—Part 2 Physiological Indicators
Abstract
Objectives:
There are times when it is not practical to assess heat stress using environmental metrics and metabolic rate, and heat strain may provide an alternative approach. Heat strain indicators have been used for decades as tools for monitoring physiological responses to work in hot environments. Common indicators of heat strain are body core temperature (assessed here as rectal temperature Tre), heart rate (HR), and average skin temperature (Tsk). Data collected from progressive heat stress trials were used to (1) demonstrate if physiological heat strain indicators (PHSIs) at the upper limit of Sustainable heat stress were below generally accepted limits; (2) suggest values for PHSIs that demonstrate a Sustainable level of heat stress; (3) suggest alternative PHSIs; and (4) determine if metabolic rate was an effect modifier.
Methods:
Two previous progressive heat stress studies included 176 trials with 352 pairs of Sustainable and Unsustainable exposures over a range of relative humidities and metabolic rates using 29 participants. To assess the discrimination ability of PHSIs, conditional logistic regression and stepwise logistic regression were used to find the best combinations of predictors of Unsustainable exposures. The accuracy of the models was assessed using receiver operating characteristic curves.
Results:
Current recommendations for physiological heat strain limits were associated with probabilities of Unsustainable greater than 0.5. Screening limits for Sustainable heat stress were Tre of 37.5°C, HR of 105 bpm, and Tsk of 35.8°C. Tsk alone resulted in an area under the curve of 0.85 and the combination of Tsk and HR (area under the curve = 0.88) performed the best. The adjustment for metabolic rate was statistically significant for physiological strain index or ∆Tre-sk as main predictors, but its effect modification was negligible and could be ignored.
Conclusions:
Based on the receiver operating characteristic curve, PHSIs (Tre, HR, and Tsk) can accurately predict Unsustainable heat stress exposures. Tsk alone or in combination with HR has a high sensitivity, and makes better discriminations than the other PHSIs under relatively constant exposure (metabolic rate and environment) for an hour or so. Screening limits with high sensitivity, however, have low thresholds that limit utility. To the extent that the observed strain is low, there is good evidence that the exposure is Sustainable.from #ENT-AlexandrosSfakianakis via ola Kala on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2sLJ1Zz
Oil Spill Field Trial at Sea: Measurements of Benzene Exposure
Abstract
Objectives:
Characterize personal exposure to airborne hydrocarbons, particularly carcinogenic benzene, during spill of two different fresh crude oils at sea.
Methods:
The study included 22 participants taking part in an «oil on water» field trial in the North Sea. Two types of fresh crude oils (light and heavy) were released six times over two consecutive days followed by different oil spill response methods. The participants were distributed on five boats; three open sampling boats (A, B, and C), one release ship (RS), and one oil recovery (OR) vessel. Assumed personal exposure was assessed a priori, assuming high exposure downwind and close to the oil slick (sampling boats), low exposure further downwind (100–200 m) and upwind from the oil slick (main deck of RS and OR vessel), and background exposure indoors (bridge of RS/OR vessel). Continuous measurements of total volatile organic compounds in isobutylene equivalents were performed with photoionization detectors placed in all five boats. Full-shift personal exposure to benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, naphthalene, and n-hexane was measured with passive thermal desorption tubes.
Results:
Personal measurements of benzene, averaged over the respective sample duration, on Day 1 showed that participants in the sampling boats (A, B, and C) located downwind and close to the oil slick were highest exposed (0.14–0.59 ppm), followed by participants on the RS main deck (0.02–0.10 ppm) and on the bridge (0.004–0.03 ppm). On Day 2, participants in sampling boat A had high benzene exposure (0.87–1.52 ppm) compared to participants in sampling boat B (0.01–0.02 ppm), on the ships (0.06–0.10 ppm), and on the bridge (0.004–0.01 ppm). Overall, the participants in the sampling boats had the highest exposure to all of the compounds measured. The light crude oil yielded a five times higher concentration of total volatile organic compounds in air in the sampling boats (max 510 ppm) than the heavy crude oil (max 100 ppm) but rapidly declined to <20 ppm within 24 min after release of oil, indicating short periods of exposure.
Conclusions:
The personal exposure to benzene downwind and close to the oil slick during spills of light crude oil was relatively high, with concentration levels approaching the occupational exposure limits for several participants. For bulk spill scenarios like in this study, cleanup should not be initiated the first 30–60 min to allow for evaporation, while appropriate personal protective equipment should be used in continuous spills when working downwind and close to the oil slick.from #ENT-AlexandrosSfakianakis via ola Kala on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2tvOeBR
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