Reconsidering Sham in Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation studies

In their most recent study, Keute and colleagues demonstrated that transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) induced a GABAergic neuromodulation during automatic motor inhibition (Keute et al., 2018). They chose to monitor the Negative Compatibility Effect (NCE) as a behavioral marker of automatic motor inhibition. Nevertheless, the tVNS-induced increase of NCE found was totally unexpected, going into the opposite direction of the decrease they had hypothesized, according to previous results.

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