Predicting postoperative language outcome using presurgical fMRI, MEG, TMS, and high gamma ECoG

About 1% of people in the United States suffer from epilepsy, and one-fifth of epilepsy cases are pharmacologically intractable (Begley et al., 2000). Resection of the seizure onset zone is an effective treatment for intractable epilepsy but it carries the risk of postoperative impairment of essential brain functions, especially language. Presurgical language mapping is usually performed to minimize this risk. Cortical stimulation mapping (CSM) serves as the clinical gold standard for presurgical language mapping (Ojemann et al., 1989), though it has several limitations (Lesser et al., 1984; Blume et al., 2004; Brunner et al., 2009; Borchers et al., 2012; Wray et al., 2012; Desmurget et al., 2013; Papanicolaou et al., 2014).

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