Epidural motor cortex stimulation for intractable leg pain

Epidural motor cortex stimulation (MCS) is an established neurosurgical therapy for electrically modulating intractable pain (Tsubokawa et al., 1991; Fontaine et al., 2009). Accumulating evidence indicates that about a half of those who suffer from intractable pain will experience a benefit of pain reduction by 50% (Fontaine et al., 2009). MCS is typically performed for the upper limb, and MCS for the leg is uncommon. This is probably because subdural approaches for the lower limb (Saitoh et al., 2000; Lopez et al., 2014) are technically demanding and associated with substantial risk of brain injury, venous bleeding and death.

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