A Primer on the Use of Equivalence Testing for Evaluating Measurement Agreement.

Purpose: Statistical equivalence testing is more appropriate than conventional tests of difference to assess the validity of physical activity (PA) measures. This paper presents the underlying principles of equivalence testing and gives three examples from PA and fitness assessment research. Methods: The three examples illustrate different uses of equivalence tests. Example 1 uses PA data to evaluate an activity monitor's equivalence to a known criterion. Example 2 illustrates the equivalence of two field-based measures of physical fitness with no known reference method. Example 3 uses regression to evaluate an activity monitor's equivalence across a suite of 23 activities. Results: The examples illustrate the appropriate reporting and interpretation of results from equivalence tests. In the first example, the mean criterion measure is significantly within +/-15% of the mean PA monitor. The mean difference is 0.18 METs and the 90% confidence interval of [-0.15, 0.52] is inside the equivalence region of [-0.65, 0.65]. In the second example, we chose to define equivalence for these two measures as a ratio of mean values between 0.98 and 1.02. The estimated ratio of mean VO2 values is 0.99, which is significantly (p=0.007) inside the equivalence region. In the third example, the PA monitor is not equivalent to the criterion across the suite of activities. The estimated regression intercept and slope are -1.23 and 1.06. Neither confidence interval is within the suggested regression equivalence regions. Conclusions: When the study goal is to show similarity between methods, equivalence testing is more appropriate than traditional statistical tests of differences (e.g., ANOVA and t-tests). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives License 4.0 (CCBY-NC-ND), where it is permissible to download and share the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal. (C) 2017 American College of Sports Medicine

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