Physiological activity and related functions of the hippocampus are clearly modulated by sleep. For example, the sequences of hippocampal neuronal discharges in rats occurring during a space exploration are reactivated during both non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (Wilson et al., 1994; O'Neill et al., 2008). In humans, this so-called hippocampal replay was also highlighted in positron emission tomography (PET) in healthy volunteers during slow-wave sleep (SWS) the night following a mnesic episodic learning task (Peigneux et al., 2004).
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