Edward F. Adolph Distinguished Lecture Exercise: Teaching myocytes new tricks

Endurance exercise training promotes numerous cellular adaptations in both cardiac myocytes and skeletal muscle fibers. For example, exercise training fosters changes in mitochondrial dynamics including increased mitochondrial biogenesis and accelerated mitochondrial turnover. Additionally, endurance exercise training alters the abundance of numerous cytosolic and mitochondrial proteins in both cardiac and skeletal muscle myocytes, resulting in a protective phenotype in the active fibers; this exercise-induced protection of cardiac and skeletal muscle fibers is often referred to as "exercise preconditioning." In this regard, as few as 3-5 consecutive days of endurance exercise training results in a preconditioned cardiac phenotype that is sheltered against ischemia-reperfusion induced injury. Similarly, endurance exercise training results in preconditioned skeletal muscle fibers that are resistant to a variety of stresses (e.g., heat stress, exercise-induced oxidative stress, and inactivity-induced atrophy). Many studies have probed the mechanisms responsible for exercise-induced preconditioning of both cardiac and skeletal muscle fibers; these studies are important because they provide an improved understanding of the biochemical mechanisms responsible for exercise-induced preconditioning, which has the potential to lead to innovative pharmacological therapies aimed at minimizing stress-induced injury to cardiac and skeletal muscle. This review summarizes the process of exercise-induced protection of both cardiac and skeletal muscle myocytes and the mechanisms responsible for these important adaptive responses.

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