MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, non-coding RNAs that influence biological processes by regulating gene expression post-transcriptionally. It was recently discovered that miRNAs are released into the circulation (ci-miRNAs) where they are highly stable and can act as intercellular messengers to affect physiological processes. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the studies, to date, that have investigated the effects of acute exercise and exercise training on ci-miRNAs in humans. Findings indicate that specific ci-miRNAs are altered in response to different protocols of acute and chronic exercise in both healthy and diseased populations. In some cases, altered ci-miRNAs correlate with fitness and health parameters, suggesting causal mechanisms by which ci-miRNAs may facilitate adaptations to exercise training. However, strong data supporting such mechanisms are lacking. Thus, a purpose of this review is to guide future studies by discussing current and novel proposed roles for ci-miRNAs in adaptations to exercise training. In addition, there are substantial, fundamental gaps in the field that need to be addressed. The ultimate goal is that an understanding of ci-miRNAs roles in physiological adaptations to exercise training will one day translate to therapeutic interventions.
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