Hybridization is known to improve complex traits due to heterosis and phenotypic robustness. However, these phenomena have been rarely explained at the molecular level. Here, the genetic determinism of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation performance was investigated using a QTL-mapping approach on an F1-progeny population. Three main QTLs were detected, with positive alleles coming from both parental strains. The heterosis effect found in the hybrid was partially explained by three loci showing pseudo-overdominance and dominance effect. The molecular dissection of those QTLs revealed that the adaptation to second fermentation is related to pH, lipid or osmotic regulation. Our results suggest that stressful conditions of second fermentation have driven to select rare genetic variants adapted to maintain yeast cell homeostasis and, in particular, to low pH conditions.
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