Driving Under the Influence of Opioids

A 45-year-old man presents to your clinic as a new patient. His medical history is negative; however, his surgical history reveals a history of an L4-S1 posterior decompression and fusion that was performed 5 years earlier. The fusion was performed for a well-established chronic left-sided L5 and S1 lumbar radiculopathy. The patient's low back pain and left lower extremity pain improved for 3 months and then returned to his presurgical level of 7/10. Postsurgical magnetic resonance imaging shows stable fusion structure without evidence of new disk herniations, with scar tissue surrounding the left-sided L5 and S1 nerve roots.

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