Physiological roles and molecular mechanisms of K+‐Cl− cotransport in the mammalian kidney and cardiovascular system: where are we?

Abstract

In the early 80s, renal microperfusion studies led to the identification of a basolateral K⁺‐Cl⁻ cotransport mechanism in the proximal tubule, thick ascending limb of Henle and collecting duct. More than ten years later, this mechanism was found to be accounted for by three different K⁺‐Cl⁻ cotransporters (KCC1, KCC3 and KCC4) that are differentially distributed along the renal epithelium. Two of these isoforms (KCC1 and KCC3) were also found to be expressed in arterial walls, the myocardium and a variety of neurons. Subsequently, valuable insights have been gained into the molecular and physiological properties of the KCCs in both the mammalian kidney and cardiovascular system. There is now robust evidence indicating that KCC4 sustains distal renal acidification and that KCC3 regulates myogenic tone in resistance vessels. However, progress in understanding the functional significance of these transporters has been slow, probably on the account that each of the KCC isoforms are not identically distributed among species and that some of them share common subcellular localizations with other KCC isoforms or sizeable conductive Cl⁻ pathways. In addition, the mechanisms underlying the process of K⁺‐Cl⁻ cotransport are still ill‐defined. The present review focuses on the knowledge gained regarding the roles and properties of KCCs in renal and cardiovascular tissues.

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Safety of long-term electrical peripheral nerve stimulation: review of the state of the art

Electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves is used in a variety of applications such as restoring motor function in paralyzed limbs, and more recently, as means to provide intuitive sensory feedback in limb p...

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Augmented feedback for powered wheelchair training in a virtual environment

Powered wheelchair (PW) driving is a complex activity and requires the acquisition of several skills. Given the risks involved with PW use, safe and effective training methods are needed. Virtual reality train...

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Meta-analysis of association between Arg326Gln (rs1503185) and Gln276Pro (rs1566734) polymorphisms of PTPRJ gene and cancer risk

Abstract

Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type J (PTPRJ, DEP1) is a tumour suppressor gene that negatively regulates such processes as angiogenesis, cell proliferation and migration and is one of the genes important for tumour development. Similar to other phosphatase genes, PTPRJ is also described as an oncogene. Among various genetic changes characteristic for this gene, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) constituting benign genetic variants that can modulate its function have been described. We focused on Gln276Pro and Arg326Gln missense polymorphisms and performed a meta-analysis using data from 2930 and 852 patients for Gln276Pro and Arg326Gln respectively in different cancers. A meta-analysis was performed based on five articles accessed via the PubMed and Research Gate databases. Our meta-analysis revealed that for Arg326Gln, the presence of the Arg (C) allele was associated with lower risk of some cancers, the strongest association was observed for colorectal cancer patients, and there was no association between Gln276Pro (G>T) polymorphism and cancer risk. The polymorphisms Arg326Gln and Gln276Pro of the PTPRJ gene are not associated with an increased risk of cancer except for the Arg326Gln polymorphism in colorectal cancer. Large-scale studies should be performed to verify the impact of this SNP on individual susceptibility to colorectal cancer for given individuals.

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Investigation of Pediatric Anemia in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands

Abstract

Objective To report on the prevalence and etiology of pediatric anemia in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI). Method A retrospective chart review was conducted that included patients up to 19 years of age who presented for well child care and whose hemoglobin or hematocrit was checked in the CNMI from 2014 to 2015. Lab values, diagnoses and treatment plans, patient reported ethnicity, and follow-up results were collected from eligible patients. Results The records for 1483 pediatric patients who had 1584 well child visits were reviewed. The prevalence of anemia amongst all eligible patients was 8.0% (5.4–10.7). This included 292 9 to 18 months old patients, which is estimated to be 40% of the total pediatric population of CNMI in that age group. Among the 9 to 18 months old patients, the prevalence of anemia is 5.5% (2.6–8.4). Etiology of anemia was investigated and of the patients treated with iron, 55.2% had a documented response. The majority of those without documentation of improvement with iron were patients who were lost to follow-up. In addition, a total of 10 patients were found to have an alpha or beta thalassemia variant discovered initially by anemia screening or sibling tracing. Discussion In this United States Commonwealth, prevalence of anemia appears lower than prevalence reported for other independent Pacific Island nations and closer to that of the US. Thalassemia is documented within this population. Limitations to this data were use of a convenient sample that may be hampered by lack of presentation to well-child care. This study will guide future public health studies on anemia prevalence and can guide public health intervention decisions to improve pediatric care in the CNMI.

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Self-Reported Functional Status in US Service Members After Combat-Related Amputation

The objective of this study was to describe the functional status of US Service members after combat-related amputation. This was a cross-sectional analysis of data from a subsample of the Wounded Warrior Recovery Project (WWRP), an ongoing, web-based, longitudinal examination of patient-reported outcomes of injured service members. The study sample included 82 WWRP participants with a combat-related lower extremity amputation who reported using a prosthetic device and completed the Orthotics and Prosthetics Users' Survey Lower Extremity Functional Status, which measures self-reported functional status in participants with a prosthetic device. Basic activities, such as walking indoors, getting on and off the toilet, and getting up from a chair, were reported by the majority of participants as "very easy/easy," whereas higher level activities, such as climbing stairs, walking long distances, or running, were more often reported as "slightly difficult/very difficult" or "cannot do this activity." Functional status varied significantly by amputation site (unilateral below knee, unilateral above knee, or bilateral; P = 0.004), with significantly better function reported in those with unilateral below knee than bilateral amputation (P

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Bicipitoradial Bursitis: A Diagnostic Dilemma

No abstract available

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