Weekend therapy in diabetes

2016-05-21T16-38-13Z
Source: Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association
Sanjay Kalra, Yashdeep Gupta.
This article introduces the concept of "weekend therapy", which has now become reality in diabetes. It briefly describes injectable and oral drugs which are currently available, or are in advanced stages of development, for use in once weekly administration. These include dulaglutide, exenatide QW, semaglutide, omarigliptin and trelagliptin.


from Scope via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1W95abR
via IFTTT

Upper third molar internal structural organization and semicircular canal morphology in Plio-Pleistocene South African cercopithecoids

Publication date: June 2016
Source:Journal of Human Evolution, Volume 95
Author(s): Amélie Beaudet, Jean Dumoncel, John Francis Thackeray, Laurent Bruxelles, Benjamin Duployer, Christophe Tenailleau, Lunga Bam, Jakobus Hoffman, Frikkie de Beer, José Braga
Despite the abundance of cercopithecoids in the fossil record, especially in South Africa, and the recent development of morphometric approaches, uncertainties regarding the taxonomic identification of isolated cranio-dental specimens remain. Because cercopithecoids, nearly always found in stratigraphic association with hominin remains in Plio-Pleistocene deposits, are considered as sensitive ecological and chronological biomarkers, a significant effort should be made to clarify their palaeobiodiversity by assessing additional reliable morphological diagnostic criteria. Here we test the relevance of both molar crown internal structure and bony labyrinth morphology for discrimination of fossil cercopithecoid species. We use microtomographic-based 3D virtual imaging and quantitative analyses to investigate tooth endostructural organization and inner ear shape in 29 craniodental specimens from the South African sites of Kromdraai, Makapansgat, Sterkfontein and Swartkrans and provide the first detailed description of the internal structural condition characterizing this Plio-Pleistocene primate assemblage. Our preliminary results show that enamel-dentine junction morphology could be informative for discriminating highly autapomorphic taxa such as Theropithecus, while semicircular canal shape is tentatively proposed as an efficient criterion for diagnosing Dinopithecus ingens. Further research in virtual paleoprimatology may contribute to the identification of unassigned isolated fossil remains and shed new light on the internal craniodental morphology of extinct primate taxa.



from Genetics via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1s1l4Zd
via IFTTT

Changes in tibialis anterior corticospinal properties after acute prolonged muscle vibration

Abstract

Purpose

Prolonged local vibration is known to impair muscle performance. While involved mechanisms were previously evidenced at the spinal level, changes at the cortical level were also hypothesized. The aims of the present study were to investigate the effects of 30 min of 100-Hz tibialis anterior muscle vibration on force production capacities and to further identify the respective changes in spinal loop properties, descending voluntary drive and corticospinal properties.

Methods

Thirteen subjects were tested before and after a vibration condition, and before and after a resting control condition. Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) in dorsiflexion was measured. Transcranial magnetic stimulation was superimposed during MVCs to assess cortical voluntary activation (VA_TMS), motor-evoked potential amplitude (MEP) and cortical silent period length (CSP). MEP and CSP were also measured during 50 and 75 % MVC contractions. Spinal excitability was investigated by mean of H-reflex.

Results

There were no vibration effects on MVC (p = 0.805), maximal EMG activity (p = 0.653), VA_TMS (p = 1), and CSP (p = 0.877). Vibration tended to decrease MEP amplitude (p = 0.117). H-reflex amplitude was depressed following vibration (p = 0.008).

Conclusions

Dorsiflexion maximal force production capacities were unaffected by 30 min of tibialis anterior muscle vibration, despite spinal loop and corticospinal excitabilities being reduced. These findings suggest that acute prolonged vibration has the potential to modulate corticospinal excitability of lower limb muscles without a concomitant functional consequence.

from Physiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/20kc1NW
via IFTTT

Oxygenation, local muscle oxygen consumption and joint specific power in cycling: the effect of cadence at a constant external work rate

Abstract

Purpose

The present study investigates the effect of cadence on joint specific power and oxygenation and local muscle oxygen consumption in the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis in addition to the relationship between joint specific power and local muscle oxygen consumption (mVO₂).

Methods

Seventeen recreationally active cyclists performed 6 stages of constant load cycling using cadences of 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 and 110 rpm. Joint specific power was calculated using inverse dynamics and mVO₂ and oxygenation were measured using near-infrared spectroscopy.

Results

Increasing cadence led to increased knee joint power and decreased hip joint power while the ankle joint was unaffected. Increasing cadence also led to an increased deoxygenation in both the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis. Vastus lateralis mVO₂ increased when cadence was increased. No effect of cadence was found for vastus medialis mVO₂.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates a different effect of cadence on the mVO₂ of the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis. The combined mVO₂ of the vastus lateralis and medialis showed a linear increase with increasing knee joint specific power, demonstrating that the muscles combined related to power generated over the joint.

from Physiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1Tz7cQk
via IFTTT

Prediction of peak oxygen uptake in children using submaximal ratings of perceived exertion during treadmill exercise

Abstract

Purpose

This study assessed the utility of the Children's Effort Rating Table (CERT) and the Eston–Parfitt (EP) Scale in estimating peak oxygen uptake ( \(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_}}\) ) in children, during cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) on a treadmill.

Methods

Fifty healthy children (n = 21 boys; 9.4 ± 0.9 years) completed a continuous, incremental protocol until the attainment of \(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_}}\) . Oxygen uptake ( \(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}\) ) was measured continuously, and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were estimated at the end of each exercise stage using the CERT and the EP Scale. Ratings up to- and including RPE 5 and 7, from both the CERT (CERT 5, CERT 7) and EP Scale (EP 5, EP 7), were linearly regressed against the corresponding \(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}\) , to both maximal RPE (CERT 10, EP 10) and terminal RPE (CERT 9, EP 9).

Results

There were no differences between measured- and predicted \(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_}}\) from CERT 5, CERT 7, EP 5 and EP 7 when extrapolated to either CERT 9 or EP 9 (P > 0.05). Pearson's correlations of r = 0.64–0.86 were observed between measured- and predicted \(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_}}\) , for all perceptual ranges investigated. However, only EP 7 provided a small difference when considering the standard error of estimate, suggesting that the prediction of \(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_}}\) from EP 7 would be within 10 % of measured \(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_}}\) .

Conclusions

Although robust estimates of \(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_}}\) may be elicited using both the CERT and EP Scale during a single CPET with children, the most accurate estimates of \(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_}}\) occur when extrapolating from EP 7.

from Physiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/20kbV8Y
via IFTTT

Erratum to: Calculation of total energy expenditure in publications on physical activity energy by Yamada et al. in 2009 and 2013

from Physiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1Tz6Tow
via IFTTT

Effect of acute exercise and hypoxia on markers of systemic and mucosal immunity

Abstract

Purpose

To determine how immune markers are affected by acute hypoxic exercise at the same relative intensity.

Methods

Twelve endurance-trained males (age: 28 ± 4 years, \(\dot{V}\) O_2max: 63.7 ± 5.3 mL/kg/min) cycled for 75 min at 70 % of altitude-specific \(\dot{V}\) O_2max, once in normoxia (N) and once in hypobaric hypoxia equivalent to 2000 m above sea-level (H). Blood and saliva samples were collected pre-, post- and 2 h post-exercise.

Results

Participants cycled at 10.5 % lower power output in H vs. N, with no significant differences in heart rate (P = 0.10) or rating of perceived exertion (P = 0.21). Post-exercise plasma cortisol was higher in H vs. N [683 (95 % CI 576–810) nmol/l vs. 549 (469–643) nmol/l, P = 0.017]. The exercise-induced decrease in CD4:CD8 ratio was greater in H vs. N (−0.5 ± 0.2 vs. −0.3 ± 0.2, P = 0.019). There were no significant between-trial differences for adrenocorticotropic hormone, plasma cytokines, antigen-stimulated cytokine production, salivary immunoglobulin-A or lactoferrin. However, there was a main trial effect for concentration [F(11) = 5.99, P < 0.032] and secretion [F(11) = 5.01, P < 0.047] of salivary lysozyme, with this being higher in N at every time-point.

Conclusion

Whether the observed differences between H and N are of sufficient magnitude to clinically impair host defence is questionable, particularly as they are transient in nature and since other immune markers are unaffected. As such, acute hypoxic exercise likely does not pose a meaningful additional threat to immune function compared to exercise at sea level, provided that absolute workload is reduced in hypoxia so that relative exercise intensity is the same.

from Physiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/20kbFXM
via IFTTT