Effect of Endurance Training on Hemoglobin Mass and V˙O2max in Male Adolescent Athletes

Purpose It is unknown, whether endurance training stimulates hemoglobin mass (Hbmass) and V[Combining Dot Above]O2max increases during late adolescence. Therefore, this study assessed the influence of endurance training on Hbmass, blood volume parameters, and V[Combining Dot Above]O2max in endurance athletes and control subjects from age 16 to 19. Methods Hbmass, blood volume parameters, V[Combining Dot Above]O2max and anthropometric parameters were measured in male elite endurance athletes from age 16 to 19 in 6-month intervals (n=10), as well as in age-matched male controls (n=12). Results Neither the level of Hbmass per lean-body-mass (LBM) (p=0.80) nor the development of Hbmass during the three years (p=0.97) differed between athletes and controls. Hbmass at age 16 was 13.24 ± 0.89 g [BULLET OPERATOR] kg-1 LBM and increased by 0.74 ± 0.58 g [BULLET OPERATOR] kg-1 LBM (p

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The Transcriptional Signature of a Runner’s High

Introduction Endorphins, endocannabinoids, monoamines, and neurotrophins have all been implicated in the euphoric response to endurance running, known as a runner's high. The epi-transcriptional mechanisms regulating this effect have not been defined. Here, we investigate peripheral micro-ribonucleic acid (miRNA) changes unique to athletes experiencing post-run euphoria, yielding insights about gene networks that control a runner's high. Methods A cohort study involving 25 collegiate runners (48% female, age = 20±1 years) examined salivary RNA levels before and after a long-distance run. Participants were divided into runner's high (RH) and non-runner's high (NRH) groups based on surveys of four criteria (mood, lost sense of time, run quality, and euphoria). Physiologic measures were also recorded (temperature, heart-rate, blood pressure, pupillary dilatation, salivary serotonin). Levels of miRNAs and their mRNA targets were compared across pre/post-run samples from RH and NRH groups with two-way analysis of variance. Representation of opioid, gamma-aminobutyic acid (GABA), endocannabinoid, neurotrophin, serotonergic, and dopaminergic pathways was assessed in DIANA miRPath. Pearson's correlation analyses examined relationships between miRNAs and runner's high indices. Results RH participants (n=13) demonstrated post-run mydriasis (p=0.046) and hypothermia (p=0.043) relative to NRH participants (n=12), but had no difference in serotonin dynamics (p=0.88). Six miRNAs (miR-194-5p, miR-4676-3p, miR-4254, miR-4425, miR-1273-3p, miR-6743-5p) exhibited significant effects (FDR

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Contribution of High School Sport Participation to Young Adult Bone Strength

Introduction Nearly 8 million American adolescents participate in sports. Participation declines in young adulthood. Purpose This study assessed longitudinal effects of high school sport participation and muscle power on young adult bone strength. Methods 228 young adults from the Iowa Bone Development Study completed an interscholastic sport participation questionnaire. Current physical activity (PA) behaviors were assessed via questionnaire. Dual x-ray absorptiometry assessed hip areal bone mineral density and was used with Hip Structure Analysis to estimate femoral neck section modulus and hip cross-sectional area. Peripheral quantitative computed tomography provided strength-strain index and bone strength index at 38% and 4% midshaft tibial sites respectively. Vertical jump estimated muscle power at age 17. Gender-specific multiple linear regression predicted young adult bone outcomes based on sport participation groups. Mediation analysis analyzed effects of muscle power on relationships between sport participation and bone strength. Results At follow-up, males participating in any interscholastic sport had greater bone strength than males who did not participate in sport. The explained variability in bone outcomes was 2 to 16%. Females who participated in sports requiring muscle power had greater bone strength than females who did not participate in sports or females who participated in non-power sports (explained variability was 4 to 10%). Muscle power mediated 24.7 to 41% of the effect of sport participation on bone outcomes in males and 19.4 to 30% in females. Conclusion Former male interscholastic sport participants and female interscholastic power sport participants have stronger bones than peers even when adjusting for current PA. Muscle power did not fully explain differences in all bone outcomes suggesting that sport participation has additional bone health benefits. Address for correspondence: Kathleen F. Janz, Ed.D. F.A.C.S.M., E130 Field House University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; Email: Kathleen-janz@uiowa.edu This work was supported in part by the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (R01-DE12101 and R01-DE09551), and by the National Center for Research Resources (UL1 RR024979 and M01-RR00059). The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors declare that the results of the study are presented honestly, clearly, and without fabrication, or inappropriate data manipulation. The results of the present study do not constitute endorsement by ACSM. Accepted for publication: 10 December 2018. © 2018 American College of Sports Medicine

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Home-based Cognitive Prehabilitation in Older Surgical Patients: A Feasibility Study

Background: Cognitive training is beneficial in various clinical settings, although its perioperative feasibility and impact remain unknown. The objective of this pilot study was to determine the feasibility of home-based cognitive prehabilitation before major surgery in older adults. Materials and Methods: Sixty-one patients were enrolled, randomized, and allocated to either a home-based preoperative cognitive training regimen or no training before surgery. Outcomes included postoperative delirium incidence (primary outcome; assessed with the 3D-Confusion Assessment Method), perioperative cognitive function based on NIH Toolbox measures, hospital length of stay, and physical therapy session participation. Reasons for declining enrollment were reported, as were reasons for opting out of the training program. Results: Postoperative delirium incidence was 6 of 23 (26%) in the prehabilitation group compared with 5 of 29 (17%) in the control group (P=0.507). There were no significant differences between groups in NIH Toolbox cognitive function scoring, hospital length of stay, or physical therapy participation rates. Study feasibility data were also collected and reported. The most common reasons for declining enrollment were lack of computer access (n=19), time commitment (n=9), and feeling overwhelmed (n=9). In the training group, only 5 of 29 (17%) included patients were able to complete the prescribed 7 days of training, and 14 of 29 (48%) opted out of training once home. Most common reasons were feeling overwhelmed (n=4) and computer difficulties (n=3). Conclusions: Short-term, home-based cognitive training before surgery is unlikely to be feasible for many older patients. Barriers to training include feeling overwhelmed, technical issues with training, and preoperative time commitment. P.E.V. is supported by National Institutes of Health Grant K23GM126317. The study was also supported by the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School (Ann Arbor, MI). The methodology of this trial was presented as a poster presentation at the Foundation for Anesthesia Education and Research 2017 Medical Student Anesthesia Research Fellowship Symposium (MSARF Fellow: A.R.D.). The authors have no funding or conflicts of interest to disclose. Address correspondence to: Phillip E. Vlisides, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1H247 UH, SPC-5048, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5048 (e-mail: pvliside@med.umich.edu). Received September 12, 2018 Accepted November 16, 2018 Copyright © 2018 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved

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Broadening the Time‐Course of ERP Components Implicated in Reward Processing: Implications for Emotion, Cognition and Psychopathology

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Electrophysiology as a theoretical and methodological hub for the neural sciences

Abstract

Electrophysiology is a direct measure of neuronal processes, and it is uniquely sensitive to canonical neural operations that underlie emergent psychological operations. These qualities make it well suited for discovery of aberrant neural mechanisms that underlie complicated disease states. This technique is routinely utilized in vitro, in vivo, and in outpatient neurological clinics, offering a translatable bridge between animal models and human patients. The bench‐to‐bedside potential of this approach is unparalleled, yet it also remains undeveloped due to the slow inertia of legacy techniques and interpretations. In this review, I discuss these strengths of the method, and I detail compelling reasons why future advancements can have a direct and tangible influence over clinical practice. I hope to motivate a blurring of traditional boundaries between preclinical, computational, imaging, and clinical fields by advancing electrophysiology as a common hub for methodological integration and theoretical advancement.

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Influences on Typical and Atypical Language Development

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