Make A Difference in your community by being a leader of our Emergency Medical Service Team! Galveston County Health District is seeking a NET Field Administrator! This position is responsible for successfully managing daily operational aspects of non-emergency medical transport and emergency medical services provided by the Galveston County Health District's Galveston Area Ambulance Authority (GAAA) ...
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Τετάρτη 7 Νοεμβρίου 2018
NET Field Administrator - Galveston Area Ambulance Authority
The characteristic release of noble gases from an underground nuclear explosion
Publication date: January 2019
Source: Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Volume 196
Author(s): Charles R. Carrigan, Yunwei Sun, Matthew D. Simpson
Abstract
Prompt release of gases at the ground surface resulting from explosively propagated vents or large operational releases has typically been considered to be the only mode of transport for detonation gases from an underground nuclear explosion (UNE) giving rise to detectable levels of radioxenon gases in downwind atmospheric samples captured at distances exceeding 100 km. Using a model for thermally and barometrically driven post-detonation transport across the broad surface of a simulated UNE site, we show in conjunction with the results of an atmospheric tracer-release experiment that even deep, well-contained UNEs, without prompt vents or leaks, are potentially detectable tens of kilometers downwind with current technology; distances that are significant for localizing the source of detected atmospheric signals during on-site monitoring or inspection. For a given yield, the bulk permeability of the UNE site and to a lesser extent the depth of detonation appear to be the primary source-term parameters controlling the distance of detection from the detonation point. We find for test-site bulk permeabilities exceeding 1 darcy (10−12 m2) that broad-area surface fluxes of radioxenon gas exhibit exponential dependence on permeability resulting in order-of-magnitude enhancements of surface flux for changes in permeability of only a darcy. Simulations of subsurface transport assuming a canonical detonation-depth-versus-nuclear-yield relationship generally resulted in larger atmospheric signals for shallower, lower-yield explosions allowing downwind detection at distances greater than 1000 km. Additionally, atmospheric simulations suggest that the lowest atmospheric boundary layer heights, such as occur at night, produced concentrations above minimum detectable levels at the greatest distances downwind.
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Behavior of 36Cl in agricultural soil-plant systems: A review of transfer processes and modelling approaches
Publication date: January 2019
Source: Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Volume 196
Author(s): S. Le Dizès, M.A. Gonze
Abstract
This article aims to review up-to-date knowledge and data acquired on 36Cl transfers to terrestrial soil-plant systems, evaluate the existing modelling approaches and identify priorities for future model improvements. This update has revealed the existence of fairly recent studies, whose results could be used for improving the modelling approaches which have been developed over the last decade. The priority areas include the consideration of the dry deposition process and the transfer of both gaseous and aerosol 36Cl to plants. The consideration of secondary processes such as the synthesis/mineralization of organochlorines and plant biomass litterfall is not recognized as a priority issue when assessing the impact of gaseous discharges. It was also identified that additional experimental studies had to be conducted to improve the understanding of the processes governing stable Cl and 36Cl dynamics in other terrestrial ecosystems (field crops, vegetables, grass) than forest environments on which most of the reported knowledge and data are reviewed.
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m6A: Widespread regulatory control in virus replication
Publication date: Available online 7 November 2018
Source: Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Regulatory Mechanisms
Author(s): Oliver Manners, Belinda Baquero-Perez, Adrian Whitehouse
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a highly pervasive and dynamic modification found on eukaryotic RNA. Despite the failure to comprehend the true regulatory potential of this epitranscriptomic mark for decades, our knowledge of m6A has rapidly expanded in recent years. The modification has now been functionally linked to all stages of mRNA metabolism and demonstrated to regulate a variety of biological processes. Furthermore, m6A has been identified on transcripts encoded by a wide range of viruses. Studies to investigate m6A function in viral-host interactions have highlighted distinct roles indicating widespread regulatory control over viral life cycles. As a result, unveiling the true influence of m6A modification could revolutionise our comprehension of the regulatory mechanisms controlling viral replication. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: mRNA modifications in gene expression control edited by Dr. Soller Matthias and Dr. Fray Rupert.
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Steering pluripotency and differentiation with N6-methyladenosine RNA modification
Publication date: Available online 6 November 2018
Source: Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Regulatory Mechanisms
Author(s): Sandhya Malla, Dario Melguizo-Sanchis, Francesca Aguilo
Abstract
Chemical modifications of RNA provide a direct and rapid way to modulate the existing transcriptome, allowing the cells to adapt rapidly to the changing environment. Among these modifications, N6-methyladenosine (m6A) has recently emerged as a widely prevalent mark of messenger RNA in eukaryotes, linking external stimuli to an intricate network of transcriptional, post-transcriptional and translational processes. m6A modification modulates a broad spectrum of biochemical processes, including mRNA decay, translation and splicing. Both m6A modification and the enzymes that control m6A metabolism are essential for normal development. In this review, we summarized the most recent findings on the role of m6A modification in maintenance of the pluripotency of embryonic stem cells (ESCs), cell fate specification, the reprogramming of somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and differentiation of stem and progenitor cells.
This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: mRNA modifications in gene expression control edited by Dr. Soller Matthias and Dr. Fray Rupert.
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Decrease of inhibitory synaptic currents of locus coeruleus neurons via orexin type 1 receptors in the context of naloxone-induced morphine withdrawal
Abstract
Acute opioid withdrawal syndrome is a series of neurological symptoms caused by the abrupt cessation of the chronic administration of opioids such as morphine. The locus coeruleus (LC) in the brain stem receives a dense projection of orexinergic fibers from the hypothalamus and is a candidate site for the expression of the somatic aspects of morphine withdrawal. Previous studies have shown that orexin-A contributes to the behavioral symptoms of naloxone-induced morphine withdrawal, partly by reducing the activity of GABAergic neurons, suggesting that orexin-A may negatively modulate fast GABAergic neurotransmission during morphine withdrawal. We used whole-cell patch-clamp recordings of LC neurons in brainstem slices to investigate the effect of orexin-A on bicuculline-sensitive GABAergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) during naloxone-induced morphine withdrawal. Male Wistar rats (P14–P21) were given morphine (20 mg/kg, i.p.) daily for seven consecutive days to create dependency on the drug. The application of naloxone (1 µM) to brain slices of morphine-treated rats reduced the amplitude of evoked IPSCs (eIPSCs) as well as spontaneous IPSCs (sIPSCs) frequency but did not change sIPSCs amplitude. Orexin-A (100 nM) significantly enhanced the suppressive effect of naloxone on eIPSCs amplitude and sIPSCs frequency but had no effect on the presence of the orexin type 1 receptor (OX1R) antagonist, SB-334867. Orexin-A alone had no significant effect on eIPSCs and sIPSCs in the absence of naloxone. In summary, our results show that orexin-A, via OX1R, potentiates the suppressive effect of naloxone on GABAergic IPSCs of LC neurons in morphine-treated rats. We conclude that orexins may have a critical role in regulating GABAergic neurotransmission to LC neurons during naloxone-induced morphine withdrawal.
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