Effects of Different Exercise Modes on Arterial Stiffness and Nitric Oxide Synthesis

AbstractPurposeAerobic training (AT) and high-intensity intermittent training (HIIT) reduce arterial stiffness, whereas resistance training (RT) induces deterioration of or no change in arterial stiffness. However, the molecular mechanism of these effects of different exercise modes remains unclear. This study aimed to clarify the difference of different exercise effects on endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) signaling pathway and arterial stiffness in rats and humans.MethodsIn the animal study, forty 10-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4groups: sedentary control (CON), AT (treadmill running, 60min at 30m/min, 5days/wk for 8weeks), RT (ladder-climbing, 8-10sets/day, 3days/wk for 8weeks), and HIIT (14repeats of 20-sec swimming session with 10-sec pause between sessions, 4days/wk for 6weeks from 12-week-old) groups (n=10 in each group). In the human study, we confirmed the effects of 6-week HIIT and 8-week AT interventions on central arterial stiffness and plasma nitrite/nitrate (NOx) level in untrained healthy young men in randomized controlled trial (HIIT, AT, and CON; n=7 in each group).ResultsIn the animal study, the effect on aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV), as an index of central arterial stiffness, following HIIT was the same as the decrease in aortic PWV and increase in arterial eNOS/Akt phosphorylation following AT, which was not changed by RT. Negative correlation between aortic PWV and eNOS phosphorylation was observed (r=-0.38, p

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Exercise Effects on Adipose Tissue Postprandial Lipolysis and Blood Flow in Children

AbstractPoor suppression of lipolysis and blunted increase in blood flow following meal ingestion in obese adults may indicate resistance to the antilipolytic action of insulin. Exercise may be used to normalize lipolytic responses to food intake by increasing insulin sensitivity.PurposeTo determine if acute bouts of aerobic exercise and/or excise training alter lipolytic and blood flow responses to food intake in lean (LN) and obese (OB) children.MethodsSixty-five children (9-11 yrs) were randomized into acute exercise (EX: 16 LN and 28 OB) or control (CON: 9 LN and 12 OB) groups that exercised (EX), or rested (CON) between standardized breakfast and lunch. Microdialysis probes were inserted into the subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue to monitor interstitial glycerol (lipolysis) and blood flow. Changes in interstitial glycerol and nutritive flow were calculated from dialysate samples before and after each meal. A subgroup (OB=15 and LN=9) from the acute exercise group underwent 16 weeks of aerobic exercise training.ResultsPoor suppression of lipolysis and a blunted increase in adipose tissue nutritive blood flow in response to breakfast was associated with BMI percentile (r=0.3, p

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Comparison of Two Generations of ActiGraph Accelerometers: The CARDIA Study

AbstractPurposeTo examine the comparability of the ActiGraph 7164 and wGT3X-BT wear time, count-based estimates, and average time/day in physical activity of different intensities.MethodsWe studied 87 Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) participants, aged 48-60 years, who simultaneously wore the 7164 and wGT3X-BT accelerometers at the waist in 2015-16, with wear time ≥4 of 7 days, ≥10 hours/day for both monitors. Freedson cutpoints (counts/min) were used to define sedentary (

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Video-Recorded Validation of Wearable Step Counters under Free-living Conditions

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy of 14 step counting methods under free-living conditions. MethodsTwelve adults (mean±SD, age: 35±13 yr) wore a chest harness that held a GoPro camera pointed down at the feet during all waking hours for one day. The GoPro continuously recorded video of all steps taken throughout the day. Simultaneously, participants wore two StepWatch [SW] devices on each ankle (all programmed with different settings), one activPAL [AP] on each thigh, four devices at the waist (Fitbit Zip [FZ], Yamax Digi-Walker SW-200 [DW], New Lifestyles NL-2000 [NL], and ActiGraph GT9X [AG]), and two devices on the dominant and non-dominant wrists (Fitbit Charge [FC] and AG). The GoPro videos were downloaded to a computer and researchers counted steps using a hand tally device, which served as the criterion method.ResultsThe SW devices recorded between 95.3% to 102.8% of actual steps taken throughout the day (P>0.05). Eleven step counting methods estimated less than 100% of actual steps; FZ, DW, and AG with the Moving Average Vector Magnitude algorithm (MAVM) on both wrists recorded 71% to 91% of steps (P>0.05), while the AP, NL, AG (without Low Frequency Extension [no-LFE], MAVM) worn on the hip, and FC recorded 69% to 84% of steps (P0.05), while the AG (LFE) on both wrists and the hip recorded 128% to 220% of steps (P0.05). Eleven step counting methods estimated less than 100% of actual steps; FZ, DW, and AG with the Moving Average Vector Magnitude algorithm (MAVM) on both wrists recorded 71% to 91% of steps (P>0.05), while the AP, NL, AG (without Low Frequency Extension [no-LFE], MAVM) worn on the hip, and FC recorded 69% to 84% of steps (P0.05), while the AG (LFE) on both wrists and the hip recorded 128% to 220% of steps (P

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Cloud computing for genomic data analysis and collaboration

Cloud computing for genomic data analysis and collaboration

Cloud computing for genomic data analysis and collaboration, Published online: 30 January 2018; doi:10.1038/nrg.2017.113

Next-generation sequencing technologies have fuelled a rapid rise in data, which require vast computational resources to store and analyse. This Review discusses the role of cloud computing in genomics research to facilitate data sharing and new analyses of archived sequencing data, as well as large-scale international collaborations.

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Plant genetics: Parasites plant microRNAs in the host

Plant genetics: Parasites plant microRNAs in the host

Plant genetics: Parasites plant microRNAs in the host, Published online: 30 January 2018; doi:10.1038/nrg.2018.3

Plant genetics: Parasites plant microRNAs in the host

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Endothelial immune activation programs cell-fate decisions and angiogenesis by inducing DLL4 through TLR4-ERK-FOXC2 signalling

Abstract

Endothelial cells (EC) mediate a specific and robust immune response to bacteria in sepsis through the activation of Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) signalling. The mechanisms by which bacterial ligands released during sepsis program endothelial cell (EC) specification and altered angiogenesis remain unclear. We postulated that the Forkhead box protein C2 (FOXC2) transcriptional factor directs EC cell-fate decisions and angiogenesis during TLR signalling. In human lung EC, LPS induced ERK phosphorylation, FOXC2, and DLL4 expression in a TLR4-dependent manner. LPS mediated ERK phosphorylation resulted in FOXC2-ERK protein ligation, ERK-dependent FOXC2 serine and threonine phosphorylation, and subsequent activation of DLL4 gene expression. Chemical inhibition of ERK or ERK-2 dominant negative transfection disrupted LPS-mediated FOXC2 phosphorylation and transcriptional activation of FOXC2. FOXC2-siRNA or ERK-inhibition attenuated LPS-induced DLL4 expression and angiogenic sprouting in vitro. In vivo, intraperitoneal LPS induced ERK and FOXC2 phosphorylation, FOXC2 binding to DLL4 promoter, and FOXC2/DLL4 expression in the lung. ERK-inhibition suppressed LPS-induced FOXC2 phosphorylation, FOXC2-DLL4 promoter binding, and induction of FOXC2 and DLL4 in mouse lung EC. LPS induced aberrant retinal angiogenesis and DLL4 expression in neonatal mice, which was attenuated with ERK-inhibition. FOXC2+/- mice treated with LPS showed a mitigated increase in FOXC2 and DLL4 compared to FOXC2+/+ mice. These data reveal a new mechanism (TLR4-ERK-FOXC2-DLL4) by which sepsis-induced EC TLR signalling programs EC specification and altered angiogenesis.

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