Upper Quarter Y-Balance Test

Link to instrument: Link to Instrument

Acronym:

UQYBT

Purpose:

The purpose of the UQYBT is to provide an assessment of UE mobility and stability.

Description:

The UQYBT places a patient in a closed chain (Push Up) position and tests their ability to maintain that position while reaching with one hand in 3 test directions as far as possible during the entirety of the movements.

Area of Assessment: Balance Non-Vestibular, Functional Mobility, Range of Motion, Strength, Upper Extremity Function

Body Part: Upper Extremity

ICF Domain: Body Structure, Body Function, Activity

Domain: Motor

Assessment Type: Performance Measure

Length of Test: 06 to 30 Minutes

Time to Administer:

6-30 Minutes

Number of Items: 3: Medial Reach, Inferolateral Reach: Superolateral Reach

Equipment Required:

Y-Balance Test Kit

Training Required:

Online Training Course

Type of training required: Training Course

Cost: Not Free

Actual Cost:

$319.95 (for standard Test Kit)  $349.95 (for the Professional Test Kit)
-Only available through www.ybalancetest.com

Age Range: Adolescent: 13-17 years, Adult: 18-64 years

Diagnosis: Movement Disorders

Populations Tested:

• High School Baseball & Softball Players (Butler, 2014; n=48 boys (age=15.8 +/-1.2 years), n=17 girls (age=15.1 +/-1.1))
• Male High School & College Baseball Players (Garrigues, 2012; n=63, 37 male high school baseball players, 26 male college baseball players)
• Recreational Fitness Subjects (Gorman, 2010)
• Healthy and Impingement Subjects (Hazar, 2014; n=30 15 impingement (mean 32.2+/-4.2) 15 healthy (mean 33.8 +/-6.8))
• Active Duty Service Members (Teyhen, 2014; n=247 (140 men, 107 women); Ages=18-45 years. (143 <30 years) (104 >30))
• General Population (Westrick, 2012; n=33, mean ages= 19.5 men and 18.8 women)

Standard Error of Measurement (SEM):

Recreational Fitness Subjects (Gorman, 2010)

• Medial direction: SEM= 2.9 cm
• Superolateral direction: SEM= 2.3 cm
• Inferolateral direction: SEM=2.2 cm

General Population (Westrick, 2012)

• Dominant Composite: SEM= 2.5
• Non-Dominant Composite: SEM= 2.3

Minimal Detectable Change (MDC):

Recreational Fitness Subjects (Gorman, 2010)

• Medial direction: MDC= 8.1 cm
• Superolateral direction: MDC= 6.4 cm
• Inferolateral direction: MDC= 6.1 cm

General Population (Westrick, 2012)

• Dominant Composite: MDC= 6.9
• Non-Dominant Composite: MDC= 6.5

Minimally Clinically Important Difference (MCID):

Not Established

Cut-Off Scores:

Not Established

Normative Data:

(Gorman, 2012) Average Upper Quarter Y Balance Test scores, reported as a percentage of limb length (%LL) for all reach directions and the composite.

• Medial Direction: Mean= 97.2%, SD 9.6 cm (males)
• Medial Direction: Mean= 95.2%, SD 10.6 cm (females)
• Superolateral Direction: Mean= 70.9%, SD 9.6 cm (males)
• Superolateral Direction: Mean= 70.4%, SD 9.3 cm (females).
• Inferolateral Direction: Mean= 84.2%, SD 9.1 cm (males)
• Inferolateral Direction: Mean= 82.7%, SD 10.1 cm (females).

Teyhen, 2014 - No Age effect. Total Composite Score of all 3 reach directions reported as percentage of Limb Length (%LL):

• 89.5 +/-9.6 (males)
• 84.9+/-9.1 (females)

(Westrick, 2012)

• Dominant Composite: Mean= 86.5%, SD 8.1 cm (males)
• Dominant Composite: Mean= 82.9%, SD 9.2 cm (females)
• Non-dominant: Mean= 88.1%, SD 7.4 cm (males)
• Non-dominant: Mean= 85.2%, SD 11.7 cm (females)

Test-retest Reliability:

Gorman, 2012

• Excellent: ranged from ICC=0.80 (inferolateral direction)to ICC= 0.99 (superolateral direction)

Westrick, 2012

• Excellent: ICC of 0.91 and 0.92 for dominant and nondominant UE measurements, respectively.

Interrater/Intrarater Reliability:

Gorman, 2012

• Inter-rater reliability was excellent (ICC= 1.00 for all tests).
• All testing was observed and scored by 2 raters simultaneously who were blinded to each other's scoring. The raters independently determined whether a successful trial was completed. To reduce bias, the raters recorded the reach distance regardless of whether each rater through the trial was successful.

Westrick, 2012

• Excellent: Intra-rater reliability values ranged from ICC = 0.86 left shoulder IR, to ICC = 0.98 right shoulder flexion.

• SMRT intrarater reliability was same for both sides ICC = 0.99

Internal Consistency:

Gorman, 2012

• The YBT-UQ evaluates joint mobility and stability simultaneously, by requiring the patient to use balance, proprioception, strength, and greater range of motion. Some limitations causing potential error would be fatigue, practice effect, lack of control for training level, training cycle, nutrition or hydration. The YBT-UQ has shown good reliability with standardized equipment and methods.

Criterion Validity (Predictive/Concurrent):

Not Established

Construct Validity (Convergent/Discriminant):

Westrick, 2012

 

• There was a significant convergent relationship observed between the UQYBT and core stability measures (Dominant side LTET; p=0.04, r=.38; non-dominant; p=0.01, r=.45) and UE CKC performance measures (CKCUEST p=0.01, r=0.49 and APFT pushups p=0.02, r=.41).
• There was not a significant relationship observed between the UQYBT and measures of trunk rotation, trunk flexor and extensor endurance tests, APFT sit-ups, shoulder AROM, or shoulder isometric strength.

Content Validity:

Not Established

Face Validity:

Not Established

Floor/Ceiling Effects:

Not Established

Responsiveness:

Not Established

Considerations:

Patients/subjects may watch the instructional video prior to performing the UQYBT.

Bibliography:

Butler, Robert J., Myers, Heather S., Black, Douglass et al. (2014). Bilateral Differences in Upper Quarter Function of High School Aged Baseball and Softball Players. The International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 9(4). 518-524.

 

Garrigues, G., Gorman, P., Plisky, P., Kiesel, K., Myers, H., Black, D. Queen, R., Butler, R. (2012). Differences on the Upper Quarter Y Balance Test Between High School and College Baseball Players. American College of Sports Medicine.

 

Gorman, P. P., Butler, R. J., Plisky, P. J., & Kiesel, K. B. (2012). Upper quarter y balance test:reliability and performance comparison between genders in active adults. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26(11), 3043-3048.

 

Hazar, Z., Ulug, N., Yuksel, I. (2014). Upper Quarter Y Balance Test score of patients with shoulder impingement syndrome. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 2(3).

 

Teyhen, Deydre S., Riebel, Mark A., McArthur, Derrick R. et al. (2014). Normative Data and the Influence of Age and Gender on Power, Balance, Flexibility, and Functional Movement in Healthy Service Members. Military Medicine, 179(4), 413-420.

 

Westrick, R. B., PT, DPT, DSc, OCS, SCS, Miller, J. M., PT, DPT, DSc, OCS, SCS, Carow, S. D., PT, DPT, DSc, OCS, & Gerber, J. P., PT, PhD, SCS, ATC. (2012). Exploration of the Y-balance test for assessment of upper quarter closed kinetic chain performance. The International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 7(2), 140-147.

Instrument in PDF Format: Yes

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