Characterization and functional analysis of a MYB gene ( GbMYBFL ) related to flavonoid accumulation in Ginkgo biloba

Abstract

Flavonoids are a group of metabolites in Ginkgo biloba thought to provide health benefits. R2R3-MYB transcription factors (TFs) play key roles in the transcriptional regulation of the flavonoid biosynthesis in plants. In this study, an R2R3-MYB transcription factor gene, GbMYBFL, was isolated from G. biloba and characterized. Results of bioinformatic analysis indicated that GbMYBFL is more closely related to the R2R3-MYB involved in flavonoid biosynthesis and displayed high similarity to MYB from other plants. The genmomic sequence of GbMYBFL had three exons and two introns, with its upstream sequence containing cis-acting regulatory elements Myb binding site, Myc recognition sites, and light, SA, MeJA responsive elements. Subcellular localization analysis indicates that GbMYBFL was located in the nucleus. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that GbMYBFL was expressed in leaves, stems, roots, young fruits, male flower and female flower, and the level of transcription in male flower and leaves were higher than that in female flower, stems, roots, and young fruits. During G. biloba leaf growth, the transcription of GbMYBFL is positively correlated with the flavonoid content, suggesting that the GbMYBFL is involved in the flavonoid biosynthesis. Overexpression of GbMYBFL under the control of the CaMV35S promoter in Ginkgo callus notably enhanced the accumulation of flavonoids and anthocyanin compared with non-transformed callus. This finding suggested that GbMYBFL positively related to flavonoid biosynthesis, and the overexpression of GbMYBFL was sufficient to induce flavonoids and anthocyanin accumulation.

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A pitfall in magnetic stimulation for measuring central motor conduction time

Publication date: Available online 2 September 2017
Source:Clinical Neurophysiology
Author(s): Hideyuki Matsumoto, Yoshikazu Ugawa




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Prefrontal cortical responses in children with prenatal alcohol-related neurodevelopmental impairment: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy study

Publication date: Available online 2 September 2017
Source:Clinical Neurophysiology
Author(s): Julie A. Kable, Claire D. Coles
ObjectiveDisruption in the neural activation of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in modulating arousal was explored in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE), who have known neurobehavioral impairment.MethodsDuring a task that elicits frustration, functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to measure PFC activation, specifically levels of oxygenated (HBO) and deoxygenated (HBR) hemoglobin, in children with PAE (n=18) relative to typically developing Controls (n=12) and a Clinical Contrast group with other neurodevelopmental or behavioral problems (n=14).ResultsChildren with PAE had less activation during conditions with positive emotional arousal, as indicated by lower levels of HBO in the medial areas of the PFC and higher levels of HBR in all areas of the PFC sampled relative to both other groups. Children in the Control group demonstrated greater differentiation of PFC activity than did children with PAE. Children in the Clinical Contrast group demonstrated the greatest differences in PFC activity between valences of task conditions.ConclusionsSpecific patterns of PFC activation differentiated children with PAE from typically developing children and children with other clinical problems.SignificanceFNIRS assessments of PFC activity provide new insights regarding the mechanisms of commonly seen neurobehavioral dysfunction in children with PAE.



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The Medial Plantar Sensory Response: A Sensitive Marker of Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy

Publication date: Available online 2 September 2017
Source:Clinical Neurophysiology
Author(s): Rechdi Ahdab, Samar Ayache, Mohammad Hassan A. Noureldine, Tarik Nordine, Jean-Pascal Lefaucheur




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Long-term effects of tDCS on fatigue, mood and cognition in multiple sclerosis

Publication date: Available online 2 September 2017
Source:Clinical Neurophysiology
Author(s): Moussa A. Chalah, Jean-Pascal Lefaucheur, Samar S. Ayache




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Electrophysiological correlates of performance monitoring in binge drinking: Impaired error-related but preserved feedback processing

Publication date: Available online 2 September 2017
Source:Clinical Neurophysiology
Author(s): Séverine Lannoy, Fabien D'Hondt, Valérie Dormal, Joël Billieux, Pierre Maurage
ObjectivePerformance monitoring, which allows efficient behavioral regulation using either internal (error processing) or external (feedback processing) cues, has not yet been explored in binge drinking despite its adaptive importance in everyday life, particularly in the regulation of alcohol consumption. Capitalizing on a theoretical model of risky behaviors, the present study aimed at determining the behavioral and electrophysiological correlates of the cognitive (inhibition) and motivational (reward sensitivity) systems during performance monitoring.MethodsEvent-related potentials were recorded from 20 binge drinkers and 20 non-binge drinkers during two experimental tasks, a speeded Go/No-Go Task [investigating internal error processing by Error-Related Negativity (ERN) and error positivity (Pe)] and a Balloon Analogue Risk Task [investigating external feedback processing by Feedback-Related Negativity (FRN) and P3].ResultsWhile no group differences were observed at the behavioral level, electrophysiological results showed that binge drinkers, despite having intact feedback-related components, presented modified error-monitoring components (i.e. larger ERN amplitude, delayed Pe latency).ConclusionsInternal performance monitoring is impaired in binge drinkers, showing an abnormal automatic processing of response errors (ERN) and a decreased processing of their motivational significance (Pe).SignificanceThese results suggest that the electrophysiological correlates of inhibitory control allow identifying the specific binge drinking consumption pattern.



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