Millisecond precision temporal encoding of stimulus features during cortically generated gamma oscillations in the rat somatosensory cortex

Abstract

In the natural environment, tactile exploration often leads to high-frequency vibrations at the level of the sensory organs. Single-unit recordings of cortical neurons have pointed towards either a rate or a temporal code for representing high-frequency tactile signals.

In cortical networks, sensory processing results from the interaction between feed-forward inputs relayed from the thalamus and internally generated activity. However, how the emergent activity represents high-frequency sensory input is not fully understood.

Using multisite single-unit, local field potential, and intracellular recordings in the somatosensory cortex and thalamus of lightly sedated male rats, we measured neuronal responses evoked by sinusoidal and band-pass white noise whisker stimulation at frequencies that encompass those observed during texture exploration (50–200 Hz).

We found that high-frequency sensory inputs relayed from the thalamus elicit both sub-millisecond stimulus-locked responses and internally generated gamma (20–60 Hz) band oscillations in cortical networks. Gamma oscillations modulate spike probability while preserving sub-millisecond phase relations with sensory inputs. Therefore, precise stimulus-locked spiking activity and sensory-induced gamma oscillations can constitute independent multiplexed coding schemes at the single-cell level.

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

from Physiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2oMXoeL
via IFTTT

Genomic Prediction and Association Mapping of Curd-Related Traits in Genebank Accessions of Cauliflower

Genetic resources are an important source of genetic variation for plant breeding. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and genomic prediction greatly facilitate the analysis and utilization of useful genetic diversity for improving complex phenotypic traits in crop plants. We explored the potential of GWAS and genomic prediction for improving curd-related traits in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) by combining 174 randomly selected cauliflower genebank accessions from two different genebanks. The collection was genotyped with genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) and phenotyped for six curd-related traits at two locations and three growing seasons. A GWAS analysis based on 120,693 SNPs identified a total of 24 significant associations for curd-related traits. The potential for genomic prediction was assessed with a genomic best linear unbiased prediction model (GBLUP) and BayesB. Prediction abilities ranged from 0.10 to 0.66 for different traits and did not differ between prediction methods. Imputation of missing genotypes did only slightly improve prediction ability. Our results demonstrate that GWAS and genomic prediction in combination with GBS and phenotyping of highly heritable traits can be used to identify useful quantitative trait loci (QTL) and genotypes among genetically diverse genebank material for subsequent utilization as genetic resources in cauliflower breeding.

from Genetics via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2AYYdmk
via IFTTT

Genomic Prediction Accuracy for Resistance Against Piscirickettsia salmonis in Farmed Rainbow Trout

Salmonid Rickettsial Syndrome (SRS), caused by the intracellular bacterium Piscirickettsia salmonis, is one of the main diseases affecting rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farming. To accelerate genetic progress, genomic selection methods can be used as an effective approach to control the disease. The aim of this study were: "(i) to compare the accuracy of estimated breeding values (EBV) using pedigree-based best linear unbiased prediction (PBLUP) with genomic BLUP (GBLUP), single-step GBLUP (ssGBLUP), Bayes C and Bayesian Lasso (LASSO), and (ii) to test the accuracy of genomic prediction and pedigree-based BLUP using different marker densities (0.5, 3, 10, 20 and 27K) for resistance against P. salmonis in rainbow trout. Phenotypes were recorded as number of days to death (DD) and binary survival (BS) from 2,416 fish challenged with P. salmonis. A total of 1,934 fish were genotyped using 57K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array. All genomic prediction methods achieved higher accuracies than PBLUP. The relative increase in accuracy for different genomic models ranged from 28 to 41% for both DD and BS at 27K SNP. Between different genomic models, the highest relative increase in accuracy was obtained with Bayes C (~ 40%), where 3K SNP was enough to achieve a similar accuracy as the 27K SNP for both traits. For resistance against P. salmonis in rainbow trout we showed that genomic predictions using GBLUP, ssGBLUP, Bayes C and LASSO can increase accuracy compared to PBLUP. Moreover, it is possible to use relatively low-density SNP panels for genomic prediction without compromising accuracy predictions for resistance against P. salmonis in rainbow trout.

from Genetics via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2BJSJiS
via IFTTT

Selection Mapping Identifies Loci Underpinning Autumn Dormancy in Alfalfa (Medicago sativa)

Autumn dormancy in alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is associated with agronomically important traits including regrowth rate, maturity, and winter survival. Historical recurrent selection experiments have been able to manipulate the dormancy response. We hypothesized that artificial selection for dormancy phenotypes in these experiments had altered allele frequencies of dormancy-related genes. Here we follow this hypothesis and analyze allele frequency changes using genome-wide polymorphisms in the pre- and post-selection populations from one historical selection experiment. We screened the non-dormant cultivar CUF 101 and populations developed by three cycles of recurrent phenotypic selection for taller and shorter plants in autumn with markers derived from genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS). We validated the robustness of our GBS-derived allele frequency estimates using an empirical approach. Our results suggest that selection mapping is a powerful means of identifying genomic regions associated with traits and that it can be exploited to provide regions on which to focus further mapping and cloning projects.

from Genetics via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2AWhvZm
via IFTTT

Joint Analysis of Strain and Parent-of-Origin Effects for Recombinant Inbred Intercrosses Generated from Multiparent Populations with the Collaborative Cross as an Example

Multiparent populations (MPP) have become popular resources for complex trait mapping because of their wider allelic diversity, and larger population size compared to traditional two-way recombinant inbred (RI) strains. In Mice, the Collaborative Cross (CC) is one of the most popular MPP and is derived from eight genetically diverse inbred founder strains. The strategy of generating recombinant inbred intercrosses (RIX) from MPP in general and the CC in particular can produce a large number of completely reproducible heterozygote genomes that better represent the (outbred) human population. Since both maternal and paternal haplotypes of each RIX are readily available, RIX is a powerful resource for studying both standing genetic and epigenetic variations of complex traits, in particular, the Parent-of-Origin (PoO) effects, an important contributor to many complex traits. Furthermore, most complex traits are affected by more than one genes where multiple QTL mapping could be more advantageous. In this paper, for MPP-RIX data but taking CC-RIX as a working example, we propose a general Bayesian variable selection procedure to simultaneously search for multiple genes with founder allelic effects and PoO effects. The proposed model respects the complex relationship among RIX samples and the performance of the proposed method is examined by extensive simulations.

from Genetics via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2BJSIeO
via IFTTT

Physical Education Classes, Physical Activity, and Sedentary Behavior in Children

ABSTRACTPurposeTo examine the associations between participation frequency in Physical Education (PE) classes and objective measures of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) in children from 12 countries at different levels of development.MethodsThis multinational, cross-sectional study included 5,874 children aged 9-11 years from sites in Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, Finland, India, Kenya, Portugal, South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States. PA and SB were monitored over 7 consecutive days using a waist-worn accelerometer. PA and SB data were presented for weekdays (times in- and out-of-school) and weekend days. Participation frequency in PE classes was determined by questionnaire. Multilevel modeling analyses stratified by sex were used.ResultsOverall, 24.8% of children self-reported participation in PE classes ≥ 3 times/week (25.3% in high-income countries [HIC], and 24.3% in low- and middle-income countries [LMIC]). After adjusting for age, sex, parental education and body mass index z-score, results showed that children from LMIC who took PE classes 1-2 times/week were more likely to present better indicators of PA and shorter time in SB in- and out-of-school. In HIC, boys that participated in PE classes were more likely to meet the moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) recommendations and to present better indicators of PA (in school) and shorter time in SB in- and out-of-school. For girls in HIC, attending PE classes increased the likelihood of spending more time in MVPA, especially if they attended ≥ 3 times/week.ConclusionAttending PE classes is associated with a higher level of PA and lower level of SB in- and out-of-school during weekdays in children from countries at various levels of development. Purpose To examine the associations between participation frequency in Physical Education (PE) classes and objective measures of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) in children from 12 countries at different levels of development. Methods This multinational, cross-sectional study included 5,874 children aged 9-11 years from sites in Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, Finland, India, Kenya, Portugal, South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States. PA and SB were monitored over 7 consecutive days using a waist-worn accelerometer. PA and SB data were presented for weekdays (times in- and out-of-school) and weekend days. Participation frequency in PE classes was determined by questionnaire. Multilevel modeling analyses stratified by sex were used. Results Overall, 24.8% of children self-reported participation in PE classes ≥ 3 times/week (25.3% in high-income countries [HIC], and 24.3% in low- and middle-income countries [LMIC]). After adjusting for age, sex, parental education and body mass index z-score, results showed that children from LMIC who took PE classes 1-2 times/week were more likely to present better indicators of PA and shorter time in SB in- and out-of-school. In HIC, boys that participated in PE classes were more likely to meet the moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) recommendations and to present better indicators of PA (in school) and shorter time in SB in- and out-of-school. For girls in HIC, attending PE classes increased the likelihood of spending more time in MVPA, especially if they attended ≥ 3 times/week. Conclusion Attending PE classes is associated with a higher level of PA and lower level of SB in- and out-of-school during weekdays in children from countries at various levels of development. *Corresponding Author: Mark S. Tremblay, Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1H 8L1. Phone: +1 613 737 7600 ext. 4114. Fax: +1 613 738 4800. E-mail: mtremblay@cheo.on.ca The International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle, and the Environment (ISCOLE) was funded by The Coca-Cola Company. GH was supported by a grant from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number R01DK100790. The funder had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis and interpretation of the data; and preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript. The authors declare no conflicts of interest.The results of the present study do not constitute endorsement by the American College of Sports Medicine. The authors declare that the results of the study are presented clearly, honestly, and without fabrication, falsification, or inappropriate data manipulation. Accepted for Publication: 8 December 2017 © 2017 American College of Sports Medicine

from Sports Medicine via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2AVHSi0
via IFTTT

Lower Extremity Injury Increases Risk of First-time Low Back Pain in the U.S. Army

ABSTRACTLow back pain (LBP) and lower extremity injuries (LEI) are primary reasons for lost duty days and disability among military populations.PURPOSEThis study examined acute LEI as a risk factor for developing LBP and examined the time to incident LBP between individuals with and without a history of LEI.METHODSThis retrospective cohort study examined U.S. Army medical and personnel data from the Total Army Injury and Health Outcomes Database (TAIHOD) for the years 2007-2011. Anderson-Gill Cox Regression methods were used to examine the change in LEI status over time and changes in demographic covariates. Adjusted hazard ratios (HR) for LBP following LEI were calculated from the Cox regression model for each calendar year. An accelerated failure time (AFT) model was used to describe time to LBP, and mean time to event and adjusted time ratios (TR) following LEI were calculated from the AFT model for each year. Overall HR and TR for LBP following LEI were calculated over the 5 calendar years using variance-based weighted averages.RESULTSEach yearly analysis included an average of 213,307 Soldiers; on average for each year 8.44% of Soldiers developed LBP and 11.54% had previous LEI. The pooled time ratio showed Soldiers with a LEI had a 10% decrease in mean survival times to LBP compared to those without a LEI [TR=0.901, 95%CI (0.897, 0.905)]. The weighted average HR showed that Soldiers with a LEI had 1.7 times the hazard of LBP compared to those without LEI [HR=1.70, 95%CI (1.66, 1.74)].CONCLUSIONThese findings suggest that a potential second order effect of LEI is an increased short-term risk for developing LBP, which should be considered during rehabilitation planning. Low back pain (LBP) and lower extremity injuries (LEI) are primary reasons for lost duty days and disability among military populations. PURPOSE This study examined acute LEI as a risk factor for developing LBP and examined the time to incident LBP between individuals with and without a history of LEI. METHODS This retrospective cohort study examined U.S. Army medical and personnel data from the Total Army Injury and Health Outcomes Database (TAIHOD) for the years 2007-2011. Anderson-Gill Cox Regression methods were used to examine the change in LEI status over time and changes in demographic covariates. Adjusted hazard ratios (HR) for LBP following LEI were calculated from the Cox regression model for each calendar year. An accelerated failure time (AFT) model was used to describe time to LBP, and mean time to event and adjusted time ratios (TR) following LEI were calculated from the AFT model for each year. Overall HR and TR for LBP following LEI were calculated over the 5 calendar years using variance-based weighted averages. RESULTS Each yearly analysis included an average of 213,307 Soldiers; on average for each year 8.44% of Soldiers developed LBP and 11.54% had previous LEI. The pooled time ratio showed Soldiers with a LEI had a 10% decrease in mean survival times to LBP compared to those without a LEI [TR=0.901, 95%CI (0.897, 0.905)]. The weighted average HR showed that Soldiers with a LEI had 1.7 times the hazard of LBP compared to those without LEI [HR=1.70, 95%CI (1.66, 1.74)]. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that a potential second order effect of LEI is an increased short-term risk for developing LBP, which should be considered during rehabilitation planning. Corresponding Author: Joseph F. Seay, Ph.D., Military Performance Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Avenue, Building 42, Natick, MA 01760, 508.233.4888 (Phone), joseph.f.seay.civ@mail.mil The opinions or assertions contained herein are the private views of the author(s) and are not to be construed as official or as reflecting the views of the Army or the Department of Defense. The investigators have adhered to the policies for protection of human subjects as prescribed in Army Regulation 70-25, and the research was conducted in adherence with the provisions of 32 CFR Part 219. The authors have no conflicts of interest or financial disclosures to report. Results and conclusions of the study do not constitute endorsement of the American College of Sports Medicine. Accepted for Publication: 6 December 2017 © 2017 American College of Sports Medicine

from Sports Medicine via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2BG8SpA
via IFTTT

Differences in Hip and Knee Running Moments across Female Pubertal Development

AbstractPurposeTo investigate whether knee and hip running moments differ across stages of female pubertal development.MethodsThis was a cross sectional study comparing the barefoot running moments of 91 pre-pubertal (n=31, Tanner stage I), early/mid-pubertal (n=30, Tanner stage II-III) and late/post-pubertal (n=30, Tanner stage IV-V) girls. External peak moments for knee abduction (KAbM), knee adduction (KAM), knee flexion (KFM) and knee internal rotation (KIRM) were analyzed. Secondary measures of hip adduction moment (HAM) at time of peak KAbM and hip flexion moment (HFM) at time of peak KFM were also derived. Between-group differences were analyzed using a series of one-way ANOVAs and ANCOVAs.ResultsAt the knee, the late/post-pubertal girls displayed a higher peak KFM and KAM compared to the pre-pubertal group (p0.05). At the hip, both the late/post- (p=0.03) and early/mid-pubertal girls (p= 0.039) ran with a lower HAM at time of peak KAbM than the pre-pubertal girls. The HFM at time of peak KFM in late/post-pubertal girls was also significantly lower than both the early/mid- and pre-pubertal girls. (p0.05). At the hip, both the late/post- (p=0.03) and early/mid-pubertal girls (p= 0.039) ran with a lower HAM at time of peak KAbM than the pre-pubertal girls. The HFM at time of peak KFM in late/post-pubertal girls was also significantly lower than both the early/mid- and pre-pubertal girls. (p

from Sports Medicine via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2AVyJWE
via IFTTT

Fabrication of polycaprolactone-silanated β-tricalcium phosphate-heparan sulfate scaffolds for spinal fusion applications

Interbody spinal fusion relies on the use of external fixation and the placement of a fusion cage filled with graft materials (scaffolds) without regard for their mechanical performance. Stability at the fusion site is instead reliant on fixation hardware combined with a selected cage. Ideally, scaffolds placed into the cage should support both the formation of new bone and contribute to the mechanical stability at the fusion site.

from Sports Medicine via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2CBD9mf
via IFTTT

Biomechanical evaluation of C1 lateral mass and C2 translaminar bicortical screws in atlantoaxial fixation: an in vitro human cadaveric study

Atlantoaxial fixation with C1 lateral mass–C2 translaminar bicortical screws has been reported to afford good stability with the least risk of injury to vertebral artery. However, no comparative in vitro studies have been conducted to evaluate the biomechanical stability of this method.

from Sports Medicine via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2BuMz3y
via IFTTT

Least Injurious Mechanical Ventilation in Pulmonary Resection Surgery

No abstract available

from Anaesthesiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2kh22wJ
via IFTTT

To Clot or Not to Clot: Understanding Coagulopathy in Liver Disease

No abstract available

from Anaesthesiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2ke55WA
via IFTTT

Unadjusted Bivariate Two-Group Comparisons: When Simpler is Better

Hypothesis testing involves posing both a null hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis. This basic statistical tutorial discusses the appropriate use, including their so-called assumptions, of the common unadjusted bivariate tests for hypothesis testing and thus comparing study sample data for a difference or association. The appropriate choice of a statistical test is predicated on the type of data being analyzed and compared. The unpaired or independent samples t test is used to test the null hypothesis that the 2 population means are equal, thereby accepting the alternative hypothesis that the 2 population means are not equal. The unpaired t test is intended for comparing dependent continuous (interval or ratio) data from 2 study groups. A common mistake is to apply several unpaired t tests when comparing data from 3 or more study groups. In this situation, an analysis of variance with post hoc (posttest) intragroup comparisons should instead be applied. Another common mistake is to apply a series of unpaired t tests when comparing sequentially collected data from 2 study groups. In this situation, a repeated-measures analysis of variance, with tests for group-by-time interaction, and post hoc comparisons, as appropriate, should instead be applied in analyzing data from sequential collection points. The paired t test is used to assess the difference in the means of 2 study groups when the sample observations have been obtained in pairs, often before and after an intervention in each study subject. The Pearson chi-square test is widely used to test the null hypothesis that 2 unpaired categorical variables, each with 2 or more nominal levels (values), are independent of each other. When the null hypothesis is rejected, 1 concludes that there is a probable association between the 2 unpaired categorical variables. When comparing 2 groups on an ordinal or nonnormally distributed continuous outcome variable, the 2-sample t test is usually not appropriate. The Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test is instead preferred. When making paired comparisons on data that are ordinal, or continuous but nonnormally distributed, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test can be used. In analyzing their data, researchers should consider the continued merits of these simple yet equally valid unadjusted bivariate statistical tests. However, the appropriate use of an unadjusted bivariate test still requires a solid understanding of its utility, assumptions (requirements), and limitations. This understanding will mitigate the risk of misleading findings, interpretations, and conclusions.

from Anaesthesiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2kh20oB
via IFTTT

Anesthesia & Analgesia: Update and a Year in Review

No abstract available

from Anaesthesiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2kh1YNv
via IFTTT

A Novel Method of Evaluating Key Factors for Success in a Multifaceted Critical Care Fellowship Using Data Envelopment Analysis

BACKGROUND: The current system of summative multi-rater evaluations and standardized tests to determine readiness to graduate from critical care fellowships has limitations. We sought to pilot the use of data envelopment analysis (DEA) to assess what aspects of the fellowship program contribute the most to an individual fellow's success. DEA is a nonparametric, operations research technique that uses linear programming to determine the technical efficiency of an entity based on its relative usage of resources in producing the outcome. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SUBJECTS AND SETTING: Critical care fellows (n = 15) in an Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) accredited fellowship at a major academic medical center in the United States. METHODS: After obtaining institutional review board approval for this retrospective study, we analyzed the data of 15 anesthesiology critical care fellows from academic years 2013–2015. The input-oriented DEA model develops a composite score for each fellow based on multiple inputs and outputs. The inputs included the didactic sessions attended, the ratio of clinical duty works hours to the procedures performed (work intensity index), and the outputs were the Multidisciplinary Critical Care Knowledge Assessment Program (MCCKAP) score and summative evaluations of fellows. RESULTS: A DEA efficiency score that ranged from 0 to 1 was generated for each of the fellows. Five fellows were rated as DEA efficient, and 10 fellows were characterized in the DEA inefficient group. The model was able to forecast the level of effort needed for each inefficient fellow, to achieve similar outputs as their best performing peers. The model also identified the work intensity index as the key element that characterized the best performers in our fellowship. CONCLUSIONS: DEA is a feasible method of objectively evaluating peer performance in a critical care fellowship beyond summative evaluations alone and can potentially be a powerful tool to guide individual performance during the fellowship.

from Anaesthesiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2kgq8aO
via IFTTT

Inadvertent Perioperative Hypothermia Induced by Spinal Anesthesia for Cesarean Delivery Might Be More Significant Than We Think: Are We Doing Enough to Warm Our Parturients?

No abstract available

from Anaesthesiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2kK0n1V
via IFTTT

Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology 2017 Meeting Report

No abstract available

from Anaesthesiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2kK0kDh
via IFTTT

Efficiency, Paths, Goals, and Frontiers in Graduate Education: New Uses for Old Concepts

No abstract available

from Anaesthesiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2kITbTL
via IFTTT

Pentathol Postcards: Erratum

No abstract available

from Anaesthesiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2kh1NSl
via IFTTT

Are You Down With TPP? Considering Transpulmonary Pressures as Opposed to Ventilator-Measured Pressures

No abstract available

from Anaesthesiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2kLDNpE
via IFTTT

Repeated Administration of Duloxetine Suppresses Neuropathic Pain by Accumulating Effects of Noradrenaline in the Spinal Cord

BACKGROUND: Antidepressants are used to treat neuropathic pain and although the detailed mechanisms of their effects are unclear, the descending noradrenergic inhibitory system might play an important role. We tested our hypothesis that repeated administration of duloxetine suppresses neuropathic pain by restoring the descending noradrenergic inhibitory system in rats 6 weeks after spinal nerve ligation (SNL). METHODS: We subcutaneously injected SNL rats with duloxetine (10 mg kg−1 day−1) daily for 3 consecutive days and assessed behavioral hypersensitivity and noxious stimulus–induced analgesia (NSIA) activated by subcutaneous injection of capsaicin. We also performed microdialysis studies of the spinal cord, noradrenaline measurements of homogenized lumbar spinal tissue, and immunohistochemistry of the locus coeruleus. RESULTS: Three daily injections of duloxetine attenuated the mechanical hyperalgesia induced by SNL (SNL treated with vehicle: 88 ± 9.4 g versus SNL treated with duloxetine: 148 ± 13 g, P

from Anaesthesiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2kK0ieD
via IFTTT

“However Beautiful the Strategy, You Should Occasionally Look at the Results”: Sir Winston Churchill and Medical Checklists

No abstract available

from Anaesthesiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2khRX2r
via IFTTT

Anaesthesia for the Elderly Patient, 2nd ed.

No abstract available

from Anaesthesiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2kLDJGq
via IFTTT

Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation and Maslow’s Hammer

No abstract available

from Anaesthesiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2kgq7DM
via IFTTT

In Response

No abstract available

from Anaesthesiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2kLDH1g
via IFTTT

The Pediatric Elephant in the Room

No abstract available

from Anaesthesiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2kePF4j
via IFTTT

Risk of Cognitive Impairment by Sleep-Disordered Breathing

No abstract available

from Anaesthesiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2kHwGP8
via IFTTT

The Eye of the Beholder

No abstract available

from Anaesthesiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2kf0tiM
via IFTTT

Preventing Mistransfusions: An Evaluation of Institutional Knowledge and a Response

BACKGROUND: Blood product mistransfusions occur when a process error causes transfusion of incompatible blood products. These events are known sources of negative patient outcomes. One such event demonstrated an institutional knowledge gap and an opportunity to reduce this source of transfusion errors. The focus of this study was to evaluate the application of point of care cognitive aids to bridge potentially lethal knowledge gaps in blood product to patient compatibility. METHODS: A patient-donor ABO antigen compatibility grid for red blood cells (RBC) and fresh frozen plasma (FFP) was developed for creation of a cognitive aid and a blood product safety quiz. Participants included 117 registered nurses and postgraduate medical interns who were given 2 minutes to complete the quiz for establishing institutional controls. A separate group of 111 registered nurses and interns were given the same timed quiz twice, without and then with a blood product compatibility cognitive aid. An analysis of covariance was used to evaluate without cognitive aid versus with cognitive aid quiz results while taking the specialty (nurse versus interns) and baseline score into consideration. The blood bank adopted the grid as a forcing function to be completed before release of blood products. RESULTS: The correct RBC answer percentage increased from 84.7% to 98.3% without and with cognitive aid (average improvement 13.6%, standard deviation [SD] = 18.3%, 95% confidence interval, 10.1%–17.1%, P

from Anaesthesiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2kfYOJX
via IFTTT

Insight Into Our Technologies: A New Series of Manuscripts in Anesthesia & Analgesia

No abstract available

from Anaesthesiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2kgwS8M
via IFTTT

De Novo Variants in KLF7 are a Potential Novel Cause of Developmental Delay/Intellectual Disability, Neuromuscular and Psychiatric Symptoms

ABSTRACT

Due to small numbers of reported patients with pathogenic variants in single genes, the phenotypic spectrum associated with genes causing neurodevelopmental disorders such as intellectual disability (ID) and autism spectrum disorder is expanding. Among these genes is KLF7 (Krüppel-like factor 7), which is located at 2q33.3 and has been implicated in several developmental processes. KLF7 has been proposed to be a candidate gene for the phenotype of autism features seen in patients with a 2q33.3q34deletion. Herein, we report four unrelated individuals with de novo KLF7 missense variants who share similar clinical features of developmental delay/ID, hypotonia, feeding/swallowing issues, psychiatric features and neuromuscular symptoms, and add to the knowledge about the phenotypic spectrum associated with KLF7 haploinsufficiency

Case series of 4 individuals with KLF7 variants, structural interpretation of the variants and review of patients in the literature regarding the 2q33.3q34 deletion encompassing KLF7 and pathogenic mechanisms of KLF7 variants .

Variants in KLF7 cause neurodevelopmental features such as developmental delay/ID, hypotonia, feeding/swallowing issues, psychiatric features and neuromuscular symptomsalong with dysmorphic features, seizures and microcephaly

from Genetics via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2kHYmDs
via IFTTT

High-Intensity Exercise Enhances Conduit Artery Vascular Function in Older Adults

ABSTRACTPurposeModulation of vascular function follows an exercise intensity–dependent pattern in young adults. This study aimed to investigate the potential intensity–dependent effects of an acute bout of exercise on conduit and resistance artery function in healthy older adults.MethodsEleven healthy older adults (five males/six females, 66 ± 1 yr) completed 30 min of recumbent cycling at 50%–55% (low intensity) and 75%–80% (high intensity) of their age-predicted HRmax on two separate study visits. Doppler ultrasound measures of brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and reactive hyperemia were taken at baseline, 10 min postexercise, and 1 h postexercise. In addition, cardiovascular hemodynamics and brachial shear rate were measured every 5 min during exercise.ResultsBrachial artery FMD was enhanced 10 min after high-intensity exercise (4.8% ± 0.2% to 9.1% ± 0.3%, P 0.05).ConclusionOur data indicate that high-intensity exercise acutely enhances conduit artery function in healthy older adults. In addition, an acute bout of exercise enhances resistance artery function independent of intensity. Purpose Modulation of vascular function follows an exercise intensity–dependent pattern in young adults. This study aimed to investigate the potential intensity–dependent effects of an acute bout of exercise on conduit and resistance artery function in healthy older adults. Methods Eleven healthy older adults (five males/six females, 66 ± 1 yr) completed 30 min of recumbent cycling at 50%–55% (low intensity) and 75%–80% (high intensity) of their age-predicted HRmax on two separate study visits. Doppler ultrasound measures of brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and reactive hyperemia were taken at baseline, 10 min postexercise, and 1 h postexercise. In addition, cardiovascular hemodynamics and brachial shear rate were measured every 5 min during exercise. Results Brachial artery FMD was enhanced 10 min after high-intensity exercise (4.8% ± 0.2% to 9.1% ± 0.3%, P 0.05). Conclusion Our data indicate that high-intensity exercise acutely enhances conduit artery function in healthy older adults. In addition, an acute bout of exercise enhances resistance artery function independent of intensity.

from Sports Medicine via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2kH4lbW
via IFTTT

A New Condition in McArdle Disease: Poor Bone Health—Benefits of an Active Lifestyle

ABSTRACTIntroduction–PurposeMcArdle disease (muscle glycogen phosphorylase deficiency) is a genetic condition associated with exercise intolerance, but how it affects lean mass (LM) and bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD) in patients is unknown. We compared these variables between McArdle patients and age-/sex-matched healthy controls and assessed their potential association with physical activity levels in patients.MethodsA case–control, cross-sectional design was used to examine LM, BMC, and BMD by using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in 136 young adults of both sexes (36 McArdle patients (33 ± 15 yr) and 103 controls (34 ± 11 yr)). Physical activity was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire.ResultsMcArdle patients had significantly lower LM values in whole-body and regional sites compared with their corresponding controls, whereas no differences were found (except for the trunk) when physically active patients (n = 23) were compared with controls. All bone-related variables were significantly lower in patients than in controls (average difference of 13% for BMC and 7.6% for BMD). By contrast, no significant differences at the lumbar spine, pelvis, and femur sites were found between physically active patients and controls.ConclusionsWe report on a previously undescribed condition in McArdle patients, poor bone health, which warrants further attention because it can occur in relatively young adults. An active lifestyle can at least partly alleviate this disorder presumably because of its beneficial effect on LM. Introduction–Purpose McArdle disease (muscle glycogen phosphorylase deficiency) is a genetic condition associated with exercise intolerance, but how it affects lean mass (LM) and bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD) in patients is unknown. We compared these variables between McArdle patients and age-/sex-matched healthy controls and assessed their potential association with physical activity levels in patients. Methods A case–control, cross-sectional design was used to examine LM, BMC, and BMD by using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in 136 young adults of both sexes (36 McArdle patients (33 ± 15 yr) and 103 controls (34 ± 11 yr)). Physical activity was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Results McArdle patients had significantly lower LM values in whole-body and regional sites compared with their corresponding controls, whereas no differences were found (except for the trunk) when physically active patients (n = 23) were compared with controls. All bone-related variables were significantly lower in patients than in controls (average difference of 13% for BMC and 7.6% for BMD). By contrast, no significant differences at the lumbar spine, pelvis, and femur sites were found between physically active patients and controls. Conclusions We report on a previously undescribed condition in McArdle patients, poor bone health, which warrants further attention because it can occur in relatively young adults. An active lifestyle can at least partly alleviate this disorder presumably because of its beneficial effect on LM.

from Sports Medicine via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2kH4iwM
via IFTTT

Editorial

No abstract available

from Sports Medicine via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2kewfwa
via IFTTT

Nil Whey Protein Effect on Glycemic Control after Intense Mixed-Mode Training in Type 2 Diabetes

ABSTRACTAlthough intense endurance and resistance exercise training and whey protein supplementation have both been shown to independently improve glycemic control, no known studies have examined the effect of high-intensity mixed-mode interval training (MMIT) and whey supplementation in adults with Type 2 diabetes (T2D).PurposeThis study aimed to determine if peritraining whey protein supplementation combined with MMIT can improve glycemic control.MethodsIn a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, 24 men (55.7 ± 5.6 yr) with T2D performed MMIT with whey (20 g) or placebo control for 10 wk. Glycemic control was assessed via glucose disposal rate during a euglycemic insulin clamp, fasting blood glucose concentration, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance. Changes in peak oxygen consumption, 1-repetition maximum strength, vastus lateralis muscle, and subcutaneous adipose thicknesses, and waist circumference were also assessed.ResultsTen weeks of MMIT substantially improved glucose disposal rate by 27.5% (90% confidence interval, 1.2%–60.7%) and 24.8% (−5.4% to 64.8%) in the whey and control groups, respectively. There were likely and possible reductions in fasting blood glucose by −17.4% (−30.6% to −1.6%) and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance by −14.1% (−25.3% to 1.08%) in the whey group; however, whey effects were not clearly beneficial to glycemic outcomes relative to the control. MMIT also clearly substantially improved 1-repetition maximum by 20.6% (16.3%–24.9%) and 22.7% (18.4%–27.2%), peak oxygen consumption by 22.6% (12.0%–26.2%) and 18.5% (10.5%–27.4%), and vastus lateralis muscle thickness by 18.9% (12.0%–26.2%) and 18.6% (10.5%–27.4%) and possibly reduced waist circumference by −2.1% (−3.1% to −1.0%) and −1.9% (−3.7% to −0.1%) in the control and whey groups, respectively, but the whey–control outcome was trivial or unclear.ConclusionsA clinically meaningful enhancement in glycemic control after 10 wk of MMIT was not clearly advanced with peritraining whey protein supplementation in middle-age men with T2D. Although intense endurance and resistance exercise training and whey protein supplementation have both been shown to independently improve glycemic control, no known studies have examined the effect of high-intensity mixed-mode interval training (MMIT) and whey supplementation in adults with Type 2 diabetes (T2D). Purpose This study aimed to determine if peritraining whey protein supplementation combined with MMIT can improve glycemic control. Methods In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, 24 men (55.7 ± 5.6 yr) with T2D performed MMIT with whey (20 g) or placebo control for 10 wk. Glycemic control was assessed via glucose disposal rate during a euglycemic insulin clamp, fasting blood glucose concentration, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance. Changes in peak oxygen consumption, 1-repetition maximum strength, vastus lateralis muscle, and subcutaneous adipose thicknesses, and waist circumference were also assessed. Results Ten weeks of MMIT substantially improved glucose disposal rate by 27.5% (90% confidence interval, 1.2%–60.7%) and 24.8% (−5.4% to 64.8%) in the whey and control groups, respectively. There were likely and possible reductions in fasting blood glucose by −17.4% (−30.6% to −1.6%) and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance by −14.1% (−25.3% to 1.08%) in the whey group; however, whey effects were not clearly beneficial to glycemic outcomes relative to the control. MMIT also clearly substantially improved 1-repetition maximum by 20.6% (16.3%–24.9%) and 22.7% (18.4%–27.2%), peak oxygen consumption by 22.6% (12.0%–26.2%) and 18.5% (10.5%–27.4%), and vastus lateralis muscle thickness by 18.9% (12.0%–26.2%) and 18.6% (10.5%–27.4%) and possibly reduced waist circumference by −2.1% (−3.1% to −1.0%) and −1.9% (−3.7% to −0.1%) in the control and whey groups, respectively, but the whey–control outcome was trivial or unclear. Conclusions A clinically meaningful enhancement in glycemic control after 10 wk of MMIT was not clearly advanced with peritraining whey protein supplementation in middle-age men with T2D.

from Sports Medicine via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2keJ0qR
via IFTTT

Work Rate during Self-paced Exercise is not Mediated by the Rate of Heat Storage

ABSTRACTPurposeTo date, there have been mixed findings on whether greater anticipatory reductions in self-paced exercise intensity in the heat are mediated by early differences in rate of body heat storage. The disparity may be due to an inability to accurately measure minute-to-minute changes in whole-body heat loss. Thus, we evaluated whether early differences in rate of heat storage can mediate exercise intensity during self-paced cycling at a fixed rate of perceived exertion (RPE of 16; hard-to-very-hard work effort) in COOL (15°C), NORMAL (25°C), and HOT (35°C) ambient conditions.MethodsOn separate days, nine endurance-trained cyclists exercised in COOL, NORMAL, and HOT conditions at a fixed RPE until work rate (measured after first 5 min of exercise) decreased to 70% of starting values. Whole-body heat loss and metabolic heat production were measured by direct and indirect calorimetry, respectively.ResultsTotal exercise time was shorter in HOT (57 ± 20 min) relative to both NORMAL (72 ± 23 min, P = 0.004) and COOL (70 ± 26 min, P = 0.045). Starting work rate was lower in HOT (153 ± 31 W) compared with NORMAL (166 ± 27 W, P = 0.024) and COOL (170 ± 33 W, P = 0.037). Rate of heat storage was similar between conditions during the first 4 min of exercise (all P > 0.05). Thereafter, rate of heat storage was lower in HOT relative to NORMAL and COOL until 30 min of exercise (last common time-point between conditions; all P 0.05). Thereafter, rate of heat storage was lower in HOT relative to NORMAL and COOL until 30 min of exercise (last common time-point between conditions; all P

from Sports Medicine via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2kgoAgY
via IFTTT

Affective Adaptation to Repeated SIT and MICT Protocols in Insulin-Resistant Subjects

ABSTRACTIntroductionThe aim of this study was to investigate affective responses to repeated sessions of sprint interval training (SIT) in comparison with moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) in insulin-resistant subjects.MethodsTwenty-six insulin-resistant adults (age, 49 (4) yr; 10 women) were randomized into SIT (n = 13) or MICT (n = 13) groups. Subjects completed six supervised training sessions within 2 wk (SIT session, 4–6 × 30 s all-out cycling/4-min recovery; MICT session, 40–60 min at 60% peak work load). Perceived exertion, stress, and affective state were assessed with questionnaires before, during and after each training session.ResultsPerceived exertion, displeasure, and arousal were higher during the SIT compared with MICT sessions (all P 0.05).ConclusionsThe perceptual and affective responses are more negative both during and acutely after SIT compared with MICT in untrained insulin-resistant adults. These responses, however, show significant improvements already within six training sessions, indicating rapid positive affective and physiological adaptations to continual exercise training, both SIT and MICT. These findings suggest that even very intense SIT is mentally tolerable alternative for untrained people with insulin resistance. Introduction The aim of this study was to investigate affective responses to repeated sessions of sprint interval training (SIT) in comparison with moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) in insulin-resistant subjects. Methods Twenty-six insulin-resistant adults (age, 49 (4) yr; 10 women) were randomized into SIT (n = 13) or MICT (n = 13) groups. Subjects completed six supervised training sessions within 2 wk (SIT session, 4–6 × 30 s all-out cycling/4-min recovery; MICT session, 40–60 min at 60% peak work load). Perceived exertion, stress, and affective state were assessed with questionnaires before, during and after each training session. Results Perceived exertion, displeasure, and arousal were higher during the SIT compared with MICT sessions (all P 0.05). Conclusions The perceptual and affective responses are more negative both during and acutely after SIT compared with MICT in untrained insulin-resistant adults. These responses, however, show significant improvements already within six training sessions, indicating rapid positive affective and physiological adaptations to continual exercise training, both SIT and MICT. These findings suggest that even very intense SIT is mentally tolerable alternative for untrained people with insulin resistance.

from Sports Medicine via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2kecqoL
via IFTTT

Ischemic Preconditioning Blunts Muscle Damage Responses Induced by Eccentric Exercise

ABSTRACTPurposeIschemic preconditioning (IPC) is known to reduce muscle damage induced by ischemia and reperfusion injury during surgery. Because of similarities between the pathophysiological formation of ischemia and reperfusion injury and eccentric exercise–induced muscle damage (EIMD), as characterized by an intracellular accumulation of Ca2+, an increased production of reactive oxygen species, and increased proinflammatory signaling, the purpose of the present study was to investigate whether IPC performed before eccentric exercise may also protect against EIMD.MethodsNineteen healthy men were matched to an eccentric-only (ECC; n = 9) or eccentric proceeded by IPC group (IPC + ECC; n = 10). The exercise protocol consisted of bilateral biceps curls (3 × 10 repetitions at 80% of the concentric one-repetition maximum). In IPC + ECC, IPC was applied bilaterally at the upper arms by a tourniquet (200 mm Hg) immediately before the exercise (3 × 5 min of occlusion, separated by 5 min of reperfusion). Creatine kinase (CK), arm circumference, subjective pain (visual analog scale score), and radial displacement (tensiomyography, maximal radial displacement) were assessed before IPC, preexercise, postexercise, and 20 min, 2 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h postexercise.ResultsCK differed from baseline only in ECC at 48 h (P

from Sports Medicine via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2B83Kee
via IFTTT

Feedback Leads to Better Exercise Quality in Adolescents with Patellofemoral Pain

ABSTRACTPurposeAdolescents with patellofemoral pain (PFP) do not comply with their exercise prescription, performing too few and too fast repetitions, compromising recovery. We investigated if real-time feedback on contraction time would improve the ability of adolescents with PFP to perform exercises as prescribed.MethodsA randomized, controlled, participant-blinded, superiority trial with a 6-wk intervention of three weekly sessions of three elastic band exercises was undertaken. Forty 15- to 19-yr-old adolescents with PFP were randomized to real-time BandCizer™-iPad feedback on contraction time or not by a physiotherapist. The primary outcome was the mean deviation from the prescribed contraction time of 8 s per repetition. Secondary outcomes included isometric hip and knee strength, Kujala Patellofemoral Scale, and Global Rating of Change.ResultsThe mean deviation from prescribed 8 s per repetition contraction time was 1.5 ± 0.5 s for the feedback group, compared with 4.3 ± 1.0 s for the control group (mean difference: 2.7 s (95% confidence interval = 2.2–3.2, P

from Sports Medicine via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2kgf3H0
via IFTTT

Effects of Creatine and Carbohydrate Loading on Cycling Time Trial Performance

ABSTRACTIntroductionCreatine (Cr) and carbohydrate loadings are dietary strategies used to enhance exercise capacity. This study examined the metabolic and performance effects of a combined CR and CHO loading regiment on time trial (TT) cycling bouts.MethodsEighteen well-trained (~65 mL·kg−1·min−1 V˙O2peak) men completed three performance trials (PT) that comprised a 120-km cycling TT interspersed with alternating 1- and 4-km sprints (six sprints each) performed every 10 km followed by an inclined ride to fatigue (~90% V˙O2peak). Subjects were pair matched into either CR-loaded (20 g·d−1 for 5 d + 3 g·d−1 for 9 d) or placebo (PLA) groups (n = 9) after the completion of PT1. All subjects undertook a crossover application of the carbohydrate interventions, consuming either moderate (6 g·kg−1 body mass (BM) per day; MOD) or CHO-loaded (12 g·kg−1 BM·d−1; LOAD) diets before PT2 and PT3. Muscle biopsies were taken before PT1, 18 h after PT1, and before both PT2 and PT3.ResultsNo significant differences in overall TT or inclined ride times were observed between intervention groups. PLA + LOAD improved power above baseline (P

from Sports Medicine via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2kdLDJm
via IFTTT

Temporal Response of Angiogenesis and Hypertrophy to Resistance Training in Young Men

ABSTRACTAlthough endurance exercise training promotes angiogenesis and improves metabolic health, the effect of resistance training on this process is less well defined. We hypothesized that capillarization would increase proportionally, and concurrently, with muscle fiber hypertrophy in response to resistance training in young men.MethodsIn this double-blind, randomized control trial, 36 men (22 ± 1 yr) were randomized to placebo or protein supplementation, and participated in 12 wk of resistance training. Skeletal muscle biopsies were collected before and after 2, 4, 8, and 12 wk of training. Immunohistochemistry assessed fiber type–specific size and capillarization. Western blot and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assessed proteins involved in the molecular regulation of angiogenesis.ResultsResistance training effectively increased Type I (15% ± 4%; P

from Sports Medicine via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2kg7lwe
via IFTTT

Epidemiology for Athletic Trainers: Integrating Evidence-Based Practice

No abstract available

from Sports Medicine via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2kH3V5m
via IFTTT

Hyperthermia-induced Neural Alterations Impair Proprioception and Balance

ABSTRACTPurposeHyperthermia has been shown to affect both central and peripheral nervous systems. However, the consequences of these alterations on the proprioceptive mechanisms underlying human movement control remain unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of passive hyperthermia on various measures of proprioception and balance, two key components of injury prevention and movement efficiency.MethodsAfter a familiarization session, 14 volunteers (8 males, 6 females) completed two experimental sessions in temperate (CON, 24°C) and hot (HOT, 44°C–50°C) conditions, in a counterbalanced order. Participants were tested for neural function (electrically evoked M-wave and Hoffman reflex, Soleus), active movement discrimination (five positions, 50 trials, dorsiflexion), dynamic balance (Star Excursion Balance Test, three directions), and static balance (single-leg stance).ResultsBoth rectal (39.0°C ± 0.3°C vs 36.9°C ± 0.6°C) and mean skin (37.9°C ± 1.0°C vs 32.0°C ± 2.7°C) temperatures were significantly higher in HOT than CON (P 0.05) amplitudes, increased the mean error for active movement discrimination (0.58°± 0.13° vs 0.50° ± 0.11°, +17%, P 0.05) amplitudes, increased the mean error for active movement discrimination (0.58°± 0.13° vs 0.50° ± 0.11°, +17%, P

from Sports Medicine via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2kH3Aj6
via IFTTT

The Influence of Foot-Strike Technique on the Neuromechanical Function of the Foot

ABSTRACTPurposeThe aim of this study was to investigate the influence of foot-strike technique on longitudinal arch mechanics and intrinsic foot muscle function during running.MethodsThirteen healthy participants ran barefoot on a force-instrumented treadmill at 2.8 ms−1 with a forefoot (FFS) and rearfoot (RFS; habitual) running technique, whereas kinetic, kinematic, and electromyographic data from the intrinsic foot muscles were collected simultaneously. The longitudinal arch was modeled as a single "midfoot" joint representing motion of the rearfoot (calcaneus) relative to the forefoot (metatarsals). An inverse dynamic analysis was performed to estimate joint moments generated about the midfoot, as well as mechanical work and power.ResultsThe midfoot was more plantar flexed (higher arch) at foot contact when running with a forefoot running technique (RFS 0.2o ± 1.8o vs FFS 6.9o ± 3.0°, effect size (ES) = 2.7); however, there was no difference in peak midfoot dorsiflexion in stance (RFS −11.6o ± 3.0o vs FFS −11.4o ± 3.4°, ES = 0.63). When running with a forefoot technique, participants generated greater moments about the midfoot (27% increase, ES = 1.1) and performed more negative work (240% increase, ES = 2.2) and positive work (42% increase, ES = 1.1) about the midfoot. Average stance-phase muscle activation was greater for flexor digitorum brevis (20% increase, ES = 0.56) and abductor hallucis (17% increase, ES = 0.63) when running with a forefoot technique.ConclusionsForefoot running increases loading about the longitudinal arch and also increases the mechanical work performed by the intrinsic foot muscles. These findings have substantial implications in terms of injury prevention and management for runners who transition from a rearfoot to a forefoot running technique. Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of foot-strike technique on longitudinal arch mechanics and intrinsic foot muscle function during running. Methods Thirteen healthy participants ran barefoot on a force-instrumented treadmill at 2.8 ms−1 with a forefoot (FFS) and rearfoot (RFS; habitual) running technique, whereas kinetic, kinematic, and electromyographic data from the intrinsic foot muscles were collected simultaneously. The longitudinal arch was modeled as a single "midfoot" joint representing motion of the rearfoot (calcaneus) relative to the forefoot (metatarsals). An inverse dynamic analysis was performed to estimate joint moments generated about the midfoot, as well as mechanical work and power. Results The midfoot was more plantar flexed (higher arch) at foot contact when running with a forefoot running technique (RFS 0.2o ± 1.8o vs FFS 6.9o ± 3.0°, effect size (ES) = 2.7); however, there was no difference in peak midfoot dorsiflexion in stance (RFS −11.6o ± 3.0o vs FFS −11.4o ± 3.4°, ES = 0.63). When running with a forefoot technique, participants generated greater moments about the midfoot (27% increase, ES = 1.1) and performed more negative work (240% increase, ES = 2.2) and positive work (42% increase, ES = 1.1) about the midfoot. Average stance-phase muscle activation was greater for flexor digitorum brevis (20% increase, ES = 0.56) and abductor hallucis (17% increase, ES = 0.63) when running with a forefoot technique. Conclusions Forefoot running increases loading about the longitudinal arch and also increases the mechanical work performed by the intrinsic foot muscles. These findings have substantial implications in terms of injury prevention and management for runners who transition from a rearfoot to a forefoot running technique.

from Sports Medicine via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2kFPpe7
via IFTTT

Swimming Training Reduces Neuroma Pain by Regulating Neurotrophins

ABSTRACTIntroductionNeuroma formation after peripheral nerve transection leads to severe neuropathic pain in amputees. Previous studies suggested that physical exercise could bring beneficial effect on alleviating neuropathic pain. However, the effect of exercise on neuroma pain still remained unclear. In addition, long-term exercise can affect the expression of neurotrophins (NT), such as nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which play key roles in nociceptor sensitization and nerve sprouting after nerve injury. Here, we investigated whether long-term swimming exercise could relieve neuroma pain by modulating NT expression.MethodsWe used a tibial neuroma transposition (TNT) rat model to mimic neuroma pain. After TNT surgery, rats performed swimming exercise for 5 wk. Neuroma pain and tactile sensitivities were detected using von Frey filaments. Immunofluorescence was applied to analyze neuroma formation. NGF and BDNF expressions in peripheral neuroma, dorsal root ganglion, and the spinal cord were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blotting.ResultsTNT led to neuroma formation, induced neuroma pain, and mechanical allodynia in hind paw. Five-week swimming exercise inhibited neuroma formation and relieved mechanical allodynia in the hind paw and neuroma pain in the lateral ankle. The analgesic effect lasted for at least 1 wk, even when the exercise ceased. TNT elevated the expressions of BDNF and NGF in peripheral neuroma, dorsal root ganglion, and the spinal cord to different extents. Swimming also decreased the elevation of NT expression.ConclusionsSwimming exercise not only inhibits neuroma formation induced by nerve transection but also relieves pain behavior. These effects might be associated with the modulation of NT. Introduction Neuroma formation after peripheral nerve transection leads to severe neuropathic pain in amputees. Previous studies suggested that physical exercise could bring beneficial effect on alleviating neuropathic pain. However, the effect of exercise on neuroma pain still remained unclear. In addition, long-term exercise can affect the expression of neurotrophins (NT), such as nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which play key roles in nociceptor sensitization and nerve sprouting after nerve injury. Here, we investigated whether long-term swimming exercise could relieve neuroma pain by modulating NT expression. Methods We used a tibial neuroma transposition (TNT) rat model to mimic neuroma pain. After TNT surgery, rats performed swimming exercise for 5 wk. Neuroma pain and tactile sensitivities were detected using von Frey filaments. Immunofluorescence was applied to analyze neuroma formation. NGF and BDNF expressions in peripheral neuroma, dorsal root ganglion, and the spinal cord were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blotting. Results TNT led to neuroma formation, induced neuroma pain, and mechanical allodynia in hind paw. Five-week swimming exercise inhibited neuroma formation and relieved mechanical allodynia in the hind paw and neuroma pain in the lateral ankle. The analgesic effect lasted for at least 1 wk, even when the exercise ceased. TNT elevated the expressions of BDNF and NGF in peripheral neuroma, dorsal root ganglion, and the spinal cord to different extents. Swimming also decreased the elevation of NT expression. Conclusions Swimming exercise not only inhibits neuroma formation induced by nerve transection but also relieves pain behavior. These effects might be associated with the modulation of NT.

from Sports Medicine via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2kIZPcR
via IFTTT

Low FODMAP: A Preliminary Strategy to Reduce Gastrointestinal Distress in Athletes

ABSTRACTIntroductionGastrointestinal (GI) distress in endurance athletes is prevalent and detrimental to performance. Adverse GI symptomatology can be analogous with irritable bowel syndrome, where fermentable oligosaccharide, disaccharide, monosaccharide, and polyols (FODMAP) reduction has demonstrated efficacy. This study investigated the effects of low FODMAP (LFOD) diet on GI distress parameters in runners with a history of nonclinical exercise-associated GI symptoms.MethodsEleven recreationally competitive runners (five men, six women; 5-km personal best 23:00 ± 4:02 min:s) participated in the study. Runners were allocated to a randomized 6-d LFOD or high FODMAP (HFOD) diet separated by a 1-d wash-out in a controlled, single-blinded cross-over study. In each period participants completed two strenuous running sessions consisting of 5 × 1000 m and a 7-km threshold run. GI symptoms (during-exercise and daily) and the Daily Analysis of Life Demand for Athletes questionnaires were completed. Area under the curve was calculated for daily GI symptoms across each dietary period and analysis was conducted using multilevel mixed-effects linear regression for comparison between the two diets.ResultsA significantly smaller area under the curve for daily GI symptoms 6 d during the LFOD compared with HFOD (mean difference, −13.4; 95% confidence interval, −22 to −4.60; P = 0.003) was observed. The daily GI symptoms that were significantly lower during LFOD were flatulence (P 0.05).ConclusionsPreliminary findings suggest that short-term FODMAP reduction may be a beneficial intervention to minimize daily GI symptoms in runners with exercise-related GI distress. Introduction Gastrointestinal (GI) distress in endurance athletes is prevalent and detrimental to performance. Adverse GI symptomatology can be analogous with irritable bowel syndrome, where fermentable oligosaccharide, disaccharide, monosaccharide, and polyols (FODMAP) reduction has demonstrated efficacy. This study investigated the effects of low FODMAP (LFOD) diet on GI distress parameters in runners with a history of nonclinical exercise-associated GI symptoms. Methods Eleven recreationally competitive runners (five men, six women; 5-km personal best 23:00 ± 4:02 min:s) participated in the study. Runners were allocated to a randomized 6-d LFOD or high FODMAP (HFOD) diet separated by a 1-d wash-out in a controlled, single-blinded cross-over study. In each period participants completed two strenuous running sessions consisting of 5 × 1000 m and a 7-km threshold run. GI symptoms (during-exercise and daily) and the Daily Analysis of Life Demand for Athletes questionnaires were completed. Area under the curve was calculated for daily GI symptoms across each dietary period and analysis was conducted using multilevel mixed-effects linear regression for comparison between the two diets. Results A significantly smaller area under the curve for daily GI symptoms 6 d during the LFOD compared with HFOD (mean difference, −13.4; 95% confidence interval, −22 to −4.60; P = 0.003) was observed. The daily GI symptoms that were significantly lower during LFOD were flatulence (P 0.05). Conclusions Preliminary findings suggest that short-term FODMAP reduction may be a beneficial intervention to minimize daily GI symptoms in runners with exercise-related GI distress.

from Sports Medicine via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2B8ZFql
via IFTTT

Implementing Resistance Training in Secondary Schools: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial

ABSTRACTPurposeGuidelines recommend that young people engage in muscle-strengthening activities on at least 3 d·wk−1. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a school-based intervention focused on resistance training (RT) for adolescents.MethodsThe "Resistance Training for Teens" intervention was evaluated using a cluster-randomized, controlled trial with 607 adolescents (50.1% girls; 14.1 ± 0.5 yr) from 16 secondary schools. Teachers were trained to deliver the intervention, which included the following: (i) an interactive student seminar; (ii) a structured physical activity program, focused on RT; (iii) lunchtime fitness sessions; and (iv) Web-based smartphone apps. The primary outcome was muscular fitness (MF) and secondary outcomes included body mass index, RT skill competency, flexibility, physical activity, self-efficacy, and motivation. Assessments were conducted at baseline, 6 months (postprogram; primary end point), and 12 months (follow-up). Outcomes were assessed using linear mixed models, with three potential moderators tested using interaction terms (and subgroup analyses where appropriate).ResultsFor the primary outcome (MF), a group–time effect was observed at 6 months for the upper body (2.0 repetitions; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.8–3.2), but not the lower body (−1.4 cm; 95% CI, −4.7–1.9). At 6 months, there were intervention effects for RT skill competency and self-efficacy, but no other secondary outcomes. Effects for upper body MF and RT skill competency were sustained at 12 months. Despite overall no effect for body mass index, there was a group–time effect at 12 months among students who were overweight/obese at baseline (−0.55 kg·m−2; 95% CI, −1.01 to −0.08).ConclusionsThe school-based RT intervention resulted in immediate and sustained improvements in upper body MF and RT skill competency, demonstrating an effective and scalable approach to delivering RT within secondary schools. Purpose Guidelines recommend that young people engage in muscle-strengthening activities on at least 3 d·wk−1. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a school-based intervention focused on resistance training (RT) for adolescents. Methods The "Resistance Training for Teens" intervention was evaluated using a cluster-randomized, controlled trial with 607 adolescents (50.1% girls; 14.1 ± 0.5 yr) from 16 secondary schools. Teachers were trained to deliver the intervention, which included the following: (i) an interactive student seminar; (ii) a structured physical activity program, focused on RT; (iii) lunchtime fitness sessions; and (iv) Web-based smartphone apps. The primary outcome was muscular fitness (MF) and secondary outcomes included body mass index, RT skill competency, flexibility, physical activity, self-efficacy, and motivation. Assessments were conducted at baseline, 6 months (postprogram; primary end point), and 12 months (follow-up). Outcomes were assessed using linear mixed models, with three potential moderators tested using interaction terms (and subgroup analyses where appropriate). Results For the primary outcome (MF), a group–time effect was observed at 6 months for the upper body (2.0 repetitions; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.8–3.2), but not the lower body (−1.4 cm; 95% CI, −4.7–1.9). At 6 months, there were intervention effects for RT skill competency and self-efficacy, but no other secondary outcomes. Effects for upper body MF and RT skill competency were sustained at 12 months. Despite overall no effect for body mass index, there was a group–time effect at 12 months among students who were overweight/obese at baseline (−0.55 kg·m−2; 95% CI, −1.01 to −0.08). Conclusions The school-based RT intervention resulted in immediate and sustained improvements in upper body MF and RT skill competency, demonstrating an effective and scalable approach to delivering RT within secondary schools.

from Sports Medicine via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2kH3KXK
via IFTTT

Caffeine Increases Work Done above Critical Power, but Not Anaerobic Work

ABSTRACTPurposeThe assumption that the curvature constant (W′) of the power–duration relationship represents anaerobic work capacity is a controversial, unresolved question. We investigated if caffeine ingestion could increase total work done above critical power (CP), and if this would be accompanied by greater anaerobic energy expenditure and by an enhanced maintenance of maximal oxidative metabolic rate.MethodsNine men (26.6 ± 5.3 yr, V˙O2max 40.6 ± 5.8 mL·kg−1·min−1) cycled until exhaustion at different exercise intensities on different days to determine the CP and W′. On separated days, participants cycled until exhaustion in the severe-intensity domain (136% ± 7% of CP) after ingesting either caffeine (5 mg·kg−1 body mass) or a placebo.ResultsTime to exhaustion was 34% longer with caffeine compared with placebo, and this was accompanied by a greater work done above CP (23.7 ± 5.7 vs 17.5 ± 3.6 kJ; 130% ± 30% vs 95% ± 14% of W′, P

from Sports Medicine via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2kH3Hv2
via IFTTT

Elite Distance Runners: A 45-Year Follow-up

ABSTRACTPurposeThe present longitudinal study assessed cardiorespiratory capacity and running economy of Olympic athletes over several decades to measure changes in fitness in an elite group during aging.MethodsTwenty-six male runners training for the 1968 Olympics were recruited. HR, V˙O2max, ventilation, and running economy were measured in 1968, 1993, and 2013. In 2013, 22 of the original runners participated: three passed away between 1993 and 2013 and one declined to participate.ResultsThe mean ± SD HRmax values (bpm) were 178 ± 10.6 in 1968, 176 ± 13.1 in 1993, and 168 ± 16.4 in 2013 with a difference from the predicted HRmax values in 1968 and 2013 (both P

from Sports Medicine via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2B9AtQA
via IFTTT

Interval Walking Training and Nutritional Intake to Increase Plasma Volume in Elderly

ABSTRACTPurposeAerobic training-induced plasma volume (PV) expansion improves thermoregulation, and carbohydrate (CHO) + whey protein supplementation enhanced the effects in older people; however, these were suggested by studies on gym-based cycling training but not on home-based interval walking training (IWT). Moreover, long-term walking training effects on PV remain unknown.MethodsSeventeen male and 10 female subjects (~69 yr), having performed IWT for ≥24 months before the study, were used. After pre-intervention measurement (PRE) of PV, plasma albumin content (Albcont), fasting glucose concentration ([Glc]f), and HbA1c, the subjects were randomly divided into two groups: CHO and Pro-CHO, either consuming CHO (22.5 g) alone or CHO (15 g) + whey protein (10 g), respectively, during additional 5-month IWT from May to November, 2009. After the additional IWT, we measured the same variables again (postintervention measurement).ResultsThe baseline PV and Albcont were significantly correlated with the number of IWT days for the 12 months preceding PRE (r = 0.716, P 0.74), with significant differences in the changes between groups (P = 0.020, P = 0.041, and P = 0.018 respectively).ConclusionsPV was proportional to the number of IWT days for 12 months and a CHO + whey protein supplementation during the 5-month IWT prevented PV reduction for the period of no supplementation, which might be partially linked with blood glucose control mechanisms. Purpose Aerobic training-induced plasma volume (PV) expansion improves thermoregulation, and carbohydrate (CHO) + whey protein supplementation enhanced the effects in older people; however, these were suggested by studies on gym-based cycling training but not on home-based interval walking training (IWT). Moreover, long-term walking training effects on PV remain unknown. Methods Seventeen male and 10 female subjects (~69 yr), having performed IWT for ≥24 months before the study, were used. After pre-intervention measurement (PRE) of PV, plasma albumin content (Albcont), fasting glucose concentration ([Glc]f), and HbA1c, the subjects were randomly divided into two groups: CHO and Pro-CHO, either consuming CHO (22.5 g) alone or CHO (15 g) + whey protein (10 g), respectively, during additional 5-month IWT from May to November, 2009. After the additional IWT, we measured the same variables again (postintervention measurement). Results The baseline PV and Albcont were significantly correlated with the number of IWT days for the 12 months preceding PRE (r = 0.716, P 0.74), with significant differences in the changes between groups (P = 0.020, P = 0.041, and P = 0.018 respectively). Conclusions PV was proportional to the number of IWT days for 12 months and a CHO + whey protein supplementation during the 5-month IWT prevented PV reduction for the period of no supplementation, which might be partially linked with blood glucose control mechanisms.

from Sports Medicine via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2kH3CHK
via IFTTT

Different Patterns of Walking and Postprandial Triglycerides in Older Women

ABSTRACTPurposeAlthough a single bout of continuous exercise (≥30 min) reduces postprandial triglyceride (TG), little evidence is available regarding the effect of multiple short (≤10 min) bouts of exercise on postprandial TG in individuals at increased risk for cardiovascular diseases. This study compared the effects of different patterns of walking on postprandial TG in postmenopausal, older women with hypertriglyceridemia.MethodsTwelve inactive women (mean age ± SD, 71 ± 5 yr) with hypertriglyceridemia (fasting TG ≥1.70 mmol·L−1) completed three, 1-d laboratory-based trials in a random order: 1) control, 2) continuous walking, and 3) multiple short bouts of walking. On the control trial, participants sat in a chair for 8 h. For the walking trials, participants walked briskly in either one 30-min bout in the morning (0900–0930 h) or twenty 90-s bouts over 8 h. Except for walking, both exercise trials mimicked the control trial. In each trial, participants consumed a standardized breakfast (0800 h) and lunch (1100 h). Venous blood samples were collected in the fasted state and at 2, 4, 6, and 8 h after breakfast.ResultsThe serum TG incremental area under the curve was 35% and 33% lower on the continuous and multiple short bouts of walking trials than that on the control trial (8.2 ± 3.1 vs 8.5 ± 5.4 vs 12.7 ± 5.8 mmol per 8 h·L−1, respectively; main effect of trial: effect size = 0.459, P = 0.001).ConclusionsAccumulating walking in short bouts limits postprandial TG in at-risk, inactive older women with fasting hypertriglyceridemia. Purpose Although a single bout of continuous exercise (≥30 min) reduces postprandial triglyceride (TG), little evidence is available regarding the effect of multiple short (≤10 min) bouts of exercise on postprandial TG in individuals at increased risk for cardiovascular diseases. This study compared the effects of different patterns of walking on postprandial TG in postmenopausal, older women with hypertriglyceridemia. Methods Twelve inactive women (mean age ± SD, 71 ± 5 yr) with hypertriglyceridemia (fasting TG ≥1.70 mmol·L−1) completed three, 1-d laboratory-based trials in a random order: 1) control, 2) continuous walking, and 3) multiple short bouts of walking. On the control trial, participants sat in a chair for 8 h. For the walking trials, participants walked briskly in either one 30-min bout in the morning (0900–0930 h) or twenty 90-s bouts over 8 h. Except for walking, both exercise trials mimicked the control trial. In each trial, participants consumed a standardized breakfast (0800 h) and lunch (1100 h). Venous blood samples were collected in the fasted state and at 2, 4, 6, and 8 h after breakfast. Results The serum TG incremental area under the curve was 35% and 33% lower on the continuous and multiple short bouts of walking trials than that on the control trial (8.2 ± 3.1 vs 8.5 ± 5.4 vs 12.7 ± 5.8 mmol per 8 h·L−1, respectively; main effect of trial: effect size = 0.459, P = 0.001). Conclusions Accumulating walking in short bouts limits postprandial TG in at-risk, inactive older women with fasting hypertriglyceridemia.

from Sports Medicine via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2kHqB5e
via IFTTT

How practical experiences, educational routes and multidisciplinary teams influence genetic counsellors’ clinical practice in Europe

Abstract

The main objective of our study was to explore whether, and to what extent, genetic counsellors' characteristics impact on their tasks in practice. Specifically, we explored the complementariness between genetic counsellors and medical geneticists and therefore looked at the most relevant tasks of genetic counsellors, according to genetic counsellors themselves and according to the medical geneticists they work with. 104 genetic counsellors and 29 medical geneticists from 15 countries completed a purposefully designed questionnaire. Results showed that most genetic counsellors in Europe perform similar tasks, irrespective of their backgrounds. When looking at the factors influencing genetic counsellors' roles data showed that the type of tasks performed by genetic counsellors is associated with the years of experience in the field, not with their background or education. Of particular interest was the consensus between genetic counsellors and medical geneticists regarding the genetic counsellor's role. Not surprisingly, tasks with more psychosocial implications were seen as genetic counsellors' eligibility while tasks with more medical implications were seen as medical geneticists' attribution. Our study shows that most genetic counsellors work in tune with international recommendations and seem to be supportive of multidisciplinary teams. Corroborating our data with previous research, we discuss potential implications for practice and training in genetic counselling.

To explore whether and to what extent, genetic counsellors' characteristics have an impact on their tasks in practice at European genetic services.A total of 104 genetic counsellors and 29 medical geneticists from 15 countries completed a purposefully designed questionnaire in this quantitative study.Most genetic counsellors in Europe perform similar tasks, irrespective of their backgrounds.The type and volume of tasks performed by genetic counsellors is not associated with their background or education, but with the years of experience in the field.Although many tasks related to genetic counselling can be performed by either medical geneticists and genetic counsellors, the care of patients in clinical genetics settings could improve by the complementariness within teams, where tasks with more psychological implications should be the responsibilities of genetic counsellors whereas tasks with more medical implications is the medical geneticists contribution.

from Genetics via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2BItU6G
via IFTTT

Traditional and new candidate cardiac biomarkers assessed before, early, and late after half marathon in trained subjects

Abstract

Purpose

Cardiac Troponins (cTnI, cTnT), NT-proBNP, and galectin-3 (GAL-3) mirror cardiomyocyte injury, stretch, and fibrosis. However, although these biomarkers has been thoroughly studied in marathon or ultramarathon, the effects occurring running shorter distances, as half-marathon, are less known and data are generally limited to immediately post-race evaluation. Moreover, significant variation of alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT), an anti-protease factor with anti-inflammatory properties, has been recently observed in heart failure, but not investigated in paraphysiological settings. The aim of the study was to evaluate these biomarkers concentration and trends in trained runners before half-marathon run and during a 48-h recovery period.

Methods

In 18 half-marathon runners (15 males, 46 ± 6 years), cTnI, GAL-3 (Architect, Abbott), cTnT, NT-proBNP (Cobas e411, Roche), and AAT (Abcam, Cambridge, UK) were evaluated at rest, immediately post-run, and at 24 and 48-h recovery period.

Results

cTnT, NT-proBNP, and GAL-3 transiently increased after post-race, but normalized at 24 h (GAL-3 p < 0.01, cTnT < 0.001) or 48 h (NT-proBNP < 0.001), while cTnI and AAT did not significantly change. The frequency of values exceeding the diagnostic threshold, as evaluated at baseline and after the race, did not differ for cTnI ( \({\chi ^{\text{2}}}\)  = 1.1, p = ns), and NT-proBNP ( \({\chi ^{\text{2}}}\)  = 6, p = ns), but significantly increased for cTnT ( \({\chi ^{\text{2}}}\)  = 23, p < 0.001) and GAL-3 ( \({\chi ^{\text{2}}}\)  = 6.3, p < 0.05). None of the subjects showed AAT values exceeding the reference range at baseline and at any of the time points after the race.

Conclusion

The transient cTnT, NT-proBNP, and GAL-3 increase may suggest a temporary stress on the myocyte. However, being the increase of all biomarkers moderate and reversible, it may represent a physiological response to acute exercise.

from Physiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2BG5qLC
via IFTTT

A mathematical model of the effects of resistance exercise-induced muscle hypertrophy on body composition

Abstract

Purpose

Current diet and exercise methods used to maintain or improve body composition often have poor long-term outcomes. We hypothesize that resistance exercise (RE) should aid in the maintenance of a healthy body composition by preserving lean mass (LM) and metabolic rate.

Method

We extended a previously developed energy balance model of human metabolism to include muscle hypertrophy in response to RE. We first fit model parameters to a hypothetical individual to simulate an RE program and then compared the effects of a hypocaloric diet only to the diet with either cardiovascular exercise (CE) or RE. We then simulated a cohort of individuals with different responses to RE by varying the parameters controlling it using Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS). Finally, we fit the model to mean data from an elderly population on an RE program.

Conclusion

The model is able to reproduce the time course of change in LM in response to RE and can be used to generate a simulated cohort for in silico clinical studies. Simulations suggest that the additional LM generated by RE may shift the body composition to a healthier state.

from Physiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2jatRpB
via IFTTT

Patient perspectives on the use of categories of conditions for decision making about genomic carrier screening results

As expanded genome-scale carrier screening becomes increasingly prevalent, patients will face decisions about whether to receive results about a vast number of genetic conditions. Understanding patient preferences is important to meaningfully demonstrate the ethical goal of respect and support patient autonomy. We explore one possible way to elicit preferences by sorting conditions into categories, which may support patient decision making, but the extent to which categories are helpful is unknown. In the context of a randomized trial of genome sequencing for preconception carrier screening compared to usual care (single disease carrier testing), we interviewed 41 participants who had genome sequencing about their experience using a taxonomy of conditions to select categories of results to receive. We then conducted interviews with an additional 10 participants who were not randomized to genome sequencing, asking them about the taxonomy, their reasons for selecting categories, and alternative ways of presenting information about potential results to receive. Participants in both groups found the categories helpful and valued having a meaningful opportunity to choose which results to receive, regardless of whether they opted to receive all or only certain categories of results. Additionally, participants who received usual care highlighted preparedness as a primary motivation for receiving results, and they indicated that being presented with possible reasons for receiving or declining results for each category could be helpful. Our findings can be used to develop approaches, including the use of categories, to support patient choices in expanded carrier screening. Further research should evaluate and optimize these approaches.

from Genetics via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2kcV7o3
via IFTTT

VACTERL phenotype with mosaic trisomy 5 and uniparental disomy 5

from Genetics via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2kGqaZ5
via IFTTT

Fitness-related differences in the rate of whole-body total heat loss in exercising young healthy women are heat-load dependent

Abstract

Aerobic fitness has recently been shown to alter heat loss capacity in a heat-load dependent manner in young men. However, given that sex-related differences in heat loss capacity exist, it is unclear if this response is consistent in women. We therefore assessed whole-body total heat loss in young (21 ± 3 years) healthy women matched for physical characteristics, but with low (Low-fit) (35.8 ± 4.5 mLO₂·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹) and high (High-fit) (53.1 ± 5.1 mLO₂·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹) (both n = 8) aerobic fitness (indexed by peak oxygen consumption (V̇O_2peak)), during three 30-min bouts of cycling performed at increasing rates of metabolic heat production of 250 W (Ex1), 325 W (Ex2), and 400 W (Ex3), each separated by a 15-min recovery, in hot, dry conditions (40°C, 11% relative humidity). Whole-body total heat loss (evaporative ± dry heat exchange) and metabolic heat production were measured using direct and indirect calorimetry, respectively. Body heat content was measured as the temporal summation of heat production and loss. Total heat loss did not differ during Ex1 (Low-fit: 215 ± 16 W; High-fit: 231 ± 20 W, P > 0.05) and Ex2 (Low-fit: 278 ± 15 W; High-fit: 301 ± 20 W, P > 0.05), but was lower in the Low-fit (316 ± 21 W) compared to the High-fit (359 ± 32 W) during Ex3 (P < 0.01). Consequently, the Low-fit stored 1.3-fold more heat (429 ± 61 kJ) throughout the three exercise bouts relative to the High-fit women (330 ± 113 kJ, P < 0.05). We show that aerobic fitness independently modulates heat loss capacity during exercise in hot, dry conditions in women separated by a V̇O_2peak of ∼17 mLO₂·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹ starting at a metabolic heat load of 400 W.

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

from Physiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2jdelJF
via IFTTT

Translational genetics: CRISPR therapies — making the grade not the cut

Translational genetics: CRISPR therapies — making the grade not the cut

Translational genetics: CRISPR therapies — making the grade not the cut, Published online: 18 December 2017; doi:10.1038/nrg.2017.112

A new study uses CRISPR-based transcriptional modulation as an in vivo therapeutic in various mouse models of human diseases.

from Genetics via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2B6yUCS
via IFTTT

Splicing: Going in circles

Splicing: Going in circles

Splicing: Going in circles, Published online: 18 December 2017; doi:10.1038/nrg.2017.111

The production of circular RNAs is enhanced when canonical splicing of parent genes or transcription termination at upstream genes is reduced.

from Genetics via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2B9JeKb
via IFTTT