Adaptive muscle plasticity of a remaining agonist following denervation of its close synergists in a model of complete spinal cord injury

Complete spinal cord injury (SCI) alters the contractile properties of skeletal muscle and although exercise can induce positive changes, it is unclear if the remaining motor system can produce adaptive muscle plasticity in response to a subsequent peripheral nerve injury. To address this, the nerve supplying the lateral gastrocnemius and soleus muscles was sectioned unilaterally in four cats that had recovered hindlimb locomotion following spinal transection. In these spinal cats, kinematics and electromyography (EMG) were collected before and for 8 weeks after denervation. Muscle histology was performed on the lateral (LG) and medial (MG) gastrocnemii bilaterally in four spinal and four intact cats. In spinal cats, cycle duration for the hindlimb ipsilateral or contralateral to the denervation could be significantly increased or decreased compared to pre-denervation values. Stance duration was generally increased and decreased for the contralateral and ipsilateral hindlimbs, respectively. The EMG amplitude of MG was significantly increased bilaterally following denervation and remained elevated 8 weeks post-denervation. In spinal cats, the ipsilateral LG was significantly smaller than the contralateral LG whereas the ipsilateral MG weighed significantly more than the contralateral MG. Histological characterizations revealed significantly larger fiber areas for Type IIa fibers of the ipsilateral MG in three of four spinal cats. Microvascular density in the ipsilateral MG was significantly higher than the contralateral MG. In intact cats, no differences were found for muscle weight, fiber area or microvascular density between homologous muscles. Therefore, the remaining motor system after complete SCI retains the ability to produce adaptive muscle plasticity.

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