Smoothing Effect in Vital Sign Recordings: Fact or Fiction? A Retrospective Cohort Analysis of Manual and Continuous Vital Sign Measurements to Assess Data Smoothing in Postoperative Care

BACKGROUND: Data smoothing of vital signs has been reported in the anesthesia literature, suggesting that clinical staff are biased toward measurements of normal physiology. However, these findings may be partially explained by clinicians interpolating spurious values from noisy signals and by the undersampling of physiological changes by infrequent manual observations. We explored the phenomenon of data smoothing using a method robust to these effects in a large postoperative dataset including respiratory rate, heart rate, and oxygen saturation (SpO2). We also assessed whether the presence of the vital sign taker creates an arousal effect. METHODS: Study data came from a UK upper gastrointestinal postoperative ward (May 2009 to December 2013). We compared manually recorded vital sign data with contemporaneous continuous data recorded from monitoring equipment. We proposed that data smoothing increases differences between vital sign sources as vital sign abnormality increases. The primary assessment method was a mixed-effects model relating continuous-manual differences to vital sign values, adjusting for repeated measurements. We tested the regression slope significance and predicted the continuous-manual difference at clinically important vital sign values. We calculated limits of agreement (LoA) between vital sign sources using the Bland–Altman method, adjusting for repeated measures. Similarly, we assessed whether the vital sign taker affected vital signs, comparing continuous data before and during manual recording. RESULTS: From 407 study patients, 271 had contemporaneous continuous and manual recordings, allowing 3740 respiratory rate, 3844 heart rate, and 3896 SpO2 paired measurements for analysis. For the model relating continuous-manual differences to continuous-manual average vital sign values, the regression slope (95% confidence interval) was 0.04 (−0.01 to 0.10; P = .11) for respiratory rate, 0.04 (−0.01 to 0.09; P = .11) for heart rate, and 0.10 (0.07–0.14; P

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