In Vitro Analysis of Accuracy, Dosage and Surgical Time Required for Pedicle Screw Placement Using Conventional Percutaneous Screw and Robotic-Assisted Screw Techniques

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Surgery is evolving from open to MIS techniques. Anatomic anomalies, or other patient factors such as deformity or degeneration, may affect pedicle screw accuracy, particularly in the two-dimensional visualization system of fluoroscopic-based MIS. Proper screw placement is associated with improved fixation, which has led to use of free hand navigation, and subsequently, robot guidance systems. Presently, robotic systems which differ in their mechanical set-up, have not been adequately compared to traditional MIS techniques.

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